Actions of benzalkonium chloride as a potent depressant at the neuromuscular junction

Takeuchi, Noriko; Takikawa, Yoriko; Shibuya, Noritoshi

doi:10.1016/0028-3908(93)90160-5

Cited by 9 publications

(6 citation statements)

References 26 publications

Supporting

Mentioning

Contrasting

Order By: Relevance

“…With regards to QACs, an early study evaluating immunologic effects of BAC, found that histamine release from mast cells followed a nonlinear dose response (Danish EPA, 2000). Additionally, BAC binds to the acetycholine muscarinic receptor, and also the estrogen receptor (Takeuchi et al, 1993; Datta et al, 2017). Many receptor mediated signaling systems, including those involving the muscarinic, and estrogen receptors, have a biphasic nonmomotonic dose response (Calabrese 2005).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Altered Toxicological Endpoints in Humans with Quaternary Ammonium Compound Exposure

Hrubec

Seguin

et al. 2020

Preprint

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

Humans are extensively exposed to Quaternary Ammonium Compounds (QACs). QACs are ubiquitously used in medical settings, restaurants, and homes as cleaners and disinfectants. They are also used on food and in personal care products as preservatives. Despite their prevalence, nothing is known about the health effects associated with chronic low-level exposure. Chronic QAC toxicity was recently identified in mice and resulted in developmental and reproductive deficits and altered immune function. Cell based studies show that QACs increase inflammation, disrupt cholesterol synthesis, and decrease mitochondria function. If these studies translate to human toxicity, multiple physiological functions could be affected. QAC concentrations in humans have not been monitored previously. This study tested whether QAC concentrations could be detected in the blood of 43 random volunteers, and whether QAC concentrations were associated with markers of inflammation, mitochondrial function, and cholesterol synthesis in a dose dependent manner. QAC concentrations were detected in 80% of study participants, and were associated with decreased mitochondrial function and an increase in inflammatory cytokines in a dose dependent manner. Cholesterol synthesis pathway intermediaries were generally increased, indicating disruption in cholesterol homeostasis. This is the first study to demonstrate that chronic exposure to QACs results in measurable concentrations in human blood, and to also demonstrate significant correlations between QAC level and meaningful biomarkers related to health.

show abstract

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Altered Toxicological Endpoints in Humans with Quaternary Ammonium Compound Exposure

Hrubec

Seguin

et al. 2020

Preprint

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

show abstract

“…The systemic toxic mechanisms of quarternary ammonium compounds remain uncertain, but both antcholinesterase [23] and curare-like effects have been postulated [24]. Significant mucosal irritation and corrosion can occur depending on the volume of liquid ingested and the concentration of the compound.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Laryngeal edema and metabolic acidosis after Omnicide® ingestion

Perera¹,

Kularathne²,

Gawarammana³

2008

Clinical Toxicology

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

Introduction. Glutaraldehyde and quaternary ammonium compounds are widely used as disinfectants and sterilizing agents. Glutaraldehyde is irritating to the eyes and upper respiratory tract, and has been associated with occupational asthma. Acute oral ingestion of a concentrated solution has not been previously reported in humans. Case Report. A 19-year-old woman presented after deliberate ingestion of a biocide containing glutaraldehyde and a quaternary ammonium compound. She developed respiratory distress and severe metabolic acidosis 10 hours after admission. Marked laryngeal edema was noted when she was being intubated. She eventually improved following supportive care and was discharged alive after 9 hospital days. Discussion. There are no reports of acute ingestions of both glutaraldehyde and quaternary ammonium compounds. As both these substances are known to cause metabolic acidosis, localized edema, erosion and sensitization of both the respiratory and alimentary tract. The clinical effect may be additive or synergistic. Conclusions. Omnicide ingestion should be closely monitored for metabolic acidosis and laryngeal edema which may progress to upper airway obstruction requiring urgent airway stabilization.

show abstract

“…Benzalkonium chloride is reported to cause vasoconstriction in a manner that is largely independ-ent of histamine; this suggests a neurogenic mode of action (112,113). Benzalkonium chloride is also reported to be a potent cholinergic blocking agent at neuromuscular junctions, effective at 50-140nM (114). It was not clear from these studies whether benzalkonium chloride was a simple antagonist or produced a depolarising block, as does suxamethonium (115).…”

Section: Chemical Stimulators Of Sensory Nervesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Sensory Nerves, Neurogenic Inflammation and Pain: Missing Components of Alternative Irritation Strategies? A Review and a Potential Strategy

Garle

Fry

2003

Altern Lab Anim

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

The eyes and skin are highly innervated by sensory nerves; stimulation of these nerves by irritants may give rise to neurogenic inflammation, leading to sensory irritation and pain. Few in vitro models of neurogenic inflammation have been described in conjunction with alternative skin and eye irritation methods, despite the fact that the sensory innervation of these organs is well-documented. To date, alternative approaches to the Draize skin and eye irritation tests have proved largely successful at classifying severe irritants, but are generally poor at discriminating between agents with mild to moderate irritant potential. We propose that the development of in vitro models for the prediction of sensory stimulation will assist in the re-classification of the irritant potential of agents that are under-predicted by current in vitro strategies. This review describes the range of xenobiotics known to cause inflammation and pain through the stimulation of sensory nerves, as well as the endogenous mediators and receptor types that are involved. In particular, it focuses on the vanilloid receptor, its activators and its regulation, as these receptors function as integrators of responses to numerous noxious stimuli. Cell culture models and ex vivo preparations that have the potential to serve as predictors of sensory irritation are also described. In addition, as readily available sensory neuron cell line models are few in number, stem cell lines (with the capacity to differentiate into sensory neurons) are explored. Finally, a preliminary strategy to enable assessment of whether incorporation of a sensory component will enhance the predictive power of current in vitro eye and skin testing strategies is proposed.

show abstract

Actions of benzalkonium chloride as a potent depressant at the neuromuscular junction

Cited by 9 publications

References 26 publications

Altered Toxicological Endpoints in Humans with Quaternary Ammonium Compound Exposure

Altered Toxicological Endpoints in Humans with Quaternary Ammonium Compound Exposure

Laryngeal edema and metabolic acidosis after Omnicide® ingestion

Sensory Nerves, Neurogenic Inflammation and Pain: Missing Components of Alternative Irritation Strategies? A Review and a Potential Strategy

Contact Info

Product

Resources

About