Actions of dexamphetamine and amphetamine‐like amines in chickens with brain transections

Marley, E.; Stephenson, John

doi:10.1111/j.1476-5381.1971.tb07138.x

Cited by 11 publications

(10 citation statements)

References 24 publications

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“…Irrespective of species, the notion of a cholinergic arousal system is generally less accepted than that of an adrenergic one. Certainly, amphetamine-like drugs induce behavioural and electrocortical alerting in chickens, effects which are not attenuated or prevented by hyoscine (Dewhurst & Marley, 1965a, b) and which are mediated via sites extending anteriorly through the diencephalon into the posterior paleostriatum (Marley & Stephenson, 1971). The cholinergic arousal system-differs therefore in its pharmacological characteristics from that sensitive to amphetamine-like amines.…”

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confidence: 99%

Effects of muscarine given into the brain of fowls

Marley

Seller

1972

British J Pharmacology

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Summary1. The effects of muscarine, given intraventricularly, in adult conscious fowls (Gallus domesticus) or microinfused into various brain regions of conscious young chicks, were tested on behaviour, electrocortical activity and respiratory rate. Its effects given intraventricularly or intravenously to anaesthetized fowls were also examined. 2. After intraventricular injection, muscarine elicited immediate behavioural and electrocortical arousal; body temperature was unaffected. After a delay of 3040 min, tachypnoea developed together with postural changes which included partial abduction of the wings away from the trunk, the back and tail becoming horizontal. These effects were prevented by intravenous or intraperitoneal atropine or hyoscine, but not by pempidine or methylatropine, and were potentiated by physostigmine. Hyoscine given intraventricularly or intravenously did not affect electrocortical activity. 3. Intraventricular muscarine given to anaesthetized adult fowls produced brief apnoea. On return of respiration, amplitude of respiratory excursion was diminished for about 5 min; tachypnoea did not develop. Blood pressure also rose briefly. With larger doses of intraventricular muscarine, large amplitude electromyographic potentials developed in the dorsal neck muscles followed later by side-to-side neck movements. 4. Muscarine given intravenously to anaesthetized adult fowls, raised blood pressure and perfusion pressure in a perfused hind limb, an effect most likely due to secretion of adrenal medullary catecholamines; these pressor effects were prevented by pempidine and phenoxybenzamine. Given directly to the perfused hind limb, muscarine lowered perfusion pressure. 5. In young chicks, muscarine microinfused into the diencephalon or myelencephalon elicited intense bilateral electrocortical alerting associated with periods of alternating violent motor activity and quiescence. Microinfusion of muscarine into the telencephalon induced ipsilateral electrocortical desynchronization without affecting behaviour. These effects of muscarine were prevented by intravenous, intraperitoneal or intracerebral hyoscine, but once its effects were established could be antagonized only with difficulty; pempidine did not prevent these effects. Microinfusions of muscarine into the brain did not affect posture, respiration or temperature.

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Effects of muscarine given into the brain of fowls

Marley

Seller

1972

British J Pharmacology

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“…In contrast, ß-receptor blocking agents (propranolol, dichlorisoprenaline) potentiate amphetamine activation of the EEG (Mu-NOZ and GOLDSTEIN, 1961;. In chickens, a 5HT receptor blocking agent, methysergide, and et-methylnoradrenaline antagonized amphetamine's EEG effect (DEWHURST and MARLEY, 1964;MARLEY and STEPHENSON, 1971) while et-or ß-receptor blocking agents were without effect (DEWHURST and MARLEY, 1964). Amphetamine reduced the duration of epileptiform after-discharges in isolated cortex slabs after electrical stimulation.…”

Section: Miscellaneous Pharmacologic Effects Of Amphetaminementioning

confidence: 99%

General Pharmacology of Amphetamine-Like Drugs

Änggård¹,

Lewander²,

Gunne³

1973

Drug Addiction II

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Amphetamine and related central stimulant drugs are derivatives of ß-phenylethylamine (Table 1) and are thus relatively simple organic bases. The general ßphenylethylamine skeleton is one which amphetamine shares with the neurotransmitters noradrenaline, adrenaline, and dopamine. Phenylethylamine itselfhas central stimulant properties, but has an extremely short half-life in the body due to rapid metabolism by monoamine oxidase (MAO). Amphetamine has, due to steric hindrance by the ex-methyl group, much less affinity for MAO and therefore has a longer half-Iife.Most amphetamines have cardiovascular, psychomotor stimulant, hyperthermic, and anorexigenic actions. All of the structural features of amphetamine are important far its spectrum of pharmacologic activity. Any alteration may enhance, diminish, or attenuate one or several components in the actions of the parent drug. (1) Substitution of the phenyl ring, (2) alteration of the length of the side chain, (3) substitution on the primary nitrogen group, (4) substitution of the ex-and ß-carbon atoms, and (5) their absolute configuration have been studied and will be briefly discussed here. For a more thorough review on the subject the reader is referred to the papers by BIEL (1970), vANRossuM and SIMONS (1969) and VREE (1973. The effect of ring and side-chain substitution on distribution and elimination of the amphetamines has been discussed by BECKETT and BROOKES (1970). recently reviewed the biochemical pharmacology of the amphetamines. The metabolism and disposition of methylphenidate were reported by F ARAJ et al.

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“…Cannulae were implanted stereotactically into the brain under aseptic conditions. Brain coordinates for stereotactic implantation of cannulae not given in Marley & Nistico (1972), include telencephalon A + 8.0, L + 8.0, V + 9.0; paleostriatum augmentatum A + 9.0, L = 2.5, V + 7.5; mesencephalon A + 4.0, L=3, V+3.5 and A+2.2, L= 1, V+3.0 (from atlas of van Tienhoven & Juhasz, 1962 o:Methyltryptamine in fowl encephale isole preparations The effects of ct-methyltryptamine were also studied in fowl encephale isole preparations which in the absence of drug administration, exhibit sustained behavioural and electrocortical sleep (Marley & Stephenson, 1971). The infusion cannula was implanted into the hypothalamus in 7 fowls, into the mesencephalon in 2, and immediately posterior to the mesencephalon in 2 other fowls.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…and observed for 4 h; a control group, pretreated as above with p-chlorophenylalanine, was given reserpine only. (Marley & Stephenson, 1971). 5-Hydroxytryptaminergic neurones terminate profusely in the chicken hypothalamus and mesencephalon (Ikeda & Gotoh, 1971) and the area is rich in 5-hydroxytryptamine (Juorio & Vogt, 1967); presumably tryptamine and ci-methyltryptamine act postsynaptically in these areas.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Arousal was assumed to be due to an action on the brain, since intravenous injection of these amines also evoked behavioural and electrocortical arousal in chicken encephale isol6 preparations (Marley & Stephenson, 1971). Brief arousal, followed by longer-lasting sleep, was obtained with ' Present address: University Institute of Pharmacology, Ilnd Faculty of Medicine, Naples, Italy.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Tryptamines and Some Other Substances Affecting Waking and Sleep in Fowls

Marley¹,

Nisticò²

1975

British J Pharmacology

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IAdult fowls (Gallus domesticus) with cannulae chronically implanted in the IlIrd cerebral ventricle and various other sites of the brain, received infusions or injections of tryptamines and catecholamines into the brain; effects of and interactions between these substances on behaviour, electrocortical activity and body temperature were studied. Reserpine-induced arousal, was investigated in young and adult fowls.2 Tryptamine and ci-methyltryptamine, given intraventricularly or into the hypothalamus of intact fowls evoked behavioural and bilateral electrocortical arousal, postural changes, elevation of body temperature and tachypnoea; behavioural and bilateral electrocortical arousal were obtained with infusions into the mesencephalon. Ipsilateral electrocortical arousal only, resulted from infusion of a-methyltryptamine into the hypothalamus or mesencephalon of fowl encephale isole preparations. The above effects in intact fowls were reduced or replaced by sleep following administration of noradrenaline or a-methylnoradrenaline into the IlIrd ventricle or hypothalamus. Pretreatment of intact fowls with an amine oxidase inhibitor surprisingly attenuated or reversed the excitant effects of intraventricular tryptamine. 3 5-Hydroxytryptamine (hydrogen maleinate, creatinine sulphate or oxalate) given intraventricularly or infused into the hypothalamus, elevated body temperature; tachypnoea and postural changes developed at some stage during the elevation of body temperature. Sleep also was induced, although with the oxalate this was succeeded by marked arousal. 4 Behavioural and electrocortical sleep induced by 5-hydroxytryptamine infused into the hypothalamus were replaced by arousal on infusing tryptamine into the hypothalamus, and vice versa.5 Dexamphetamine infused into the hypothalamus induced drowsiness or sleep which even reversed arousal elicited by systemically administered dexamphetamine. 6 Reserpine-induced arousal was achieved in young and adult fowls pretreated with mebanazine; this arousal was attenuated or replaced by sleep following intraventricular noradrenaline or dopamine but not by 5-hydroxytryptamine nor by noradrenaline or dopamine applied to the hypothalamus. Prenylamine also induced arousal following pretreatment of chicks with mebanazine.

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Actions of dexamphetamine and amphetamine‐like amines in chickens with brain transections

Cited by 11 publications

References 24 publications

Effects of muscarine given into the brain of fowls

Effects of muscarine given into the brain of fowls

General Pharmacology of Amphetamine-Like Drugs

Tryptamines and Some Other Substances Affecting Waking and Sleep in Fowls

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