Activated Carbon from the Chinese Herbal Medicine Waste by H<sub>3</sub>PO<sub>4</sub> Activation

Mi, Tie; Chen, Liang; Xin, Shixuan; Yu, Xiaoling

doi:10.1155/2015/910467

Cited by 22 publications

(5 citation statements)

References 21 publications

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“…According to [7], the material containing cellulose has the potential as a raw material for activated carbon nano because it is composed of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen. Some cellulose materials that have been synthesized and produced nano-sized activated carbon are rice straw [8], nata-de-coco [7], Chinese herbal medicine waste [9], fiber coconut [10], and sugarcane stems [11]. Other materials that have the potential to produce nanocarbon and are rarely used, one of which is the Annatto peels.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Synthesis and Characterization of Nano Activated Carbon from Annatto Peels (Bixa orellana L.) Viewed from Temperature Activation and Impregnation Ratio of H3PO4

Riyanto

Ampri

Martono

2020

EKSAKTA: J. Sci. Data Anal.

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Nano activated carbon is activated carbon with nano-sized carbon particles and can be synthesized from cellulose-containing materials such as the Annatto peels. In this study, the synthesis of nano activated carbon of the Annatto peels was carried out in terms of activation temperature variations and the carbon impregnation ratio of 50% H3PO4 acid and determining the characteristics of nano activated carbon from Annatto peels (NAPAC). The activation method used is the impregnation of carbon in 50% H3PO4 with a ratio of 1: 3; 1: 4; 1: 5; 1: 6; and 1: 7 (w/w) for 24 hours and heating at 400; 500; 600; 700; and 800 °C for one hour. Nano activated carbon from Annatto peels (NAPAC) was characterized by Infrared Spectrophotometer (FTIR), X-ray Diffractometer (XRD), and Transmission Electron Microscope (TEM). The results of the study showed that the NAPAC can be synthesized from Annatto peels with activation by 50% H3PO4 at the temperature of 500°C and the impregnation ratio of 1:5 (w/w).

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Synthesis and Characterization of Nano Activated Carbon from Annatto Peels (Bixa orellana L.) Viewed from Temperature Activation and Impregnation Ratio of H3PO4

Riyanto

Ampri

Martono

2020

EKSAKTA: J. Sci. Data Anal.

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“…This could be due to gasification and release of volatile matter during the activation process 33 . The phosphorus content on the ACs could be due to H 3 PO 4 impregnation, which formed polyphosphates that retained on the surface of fibres as insoluble metal phosphates or entrapped in the ACs’ pores 34 . The nature of the precursor and the chemical activation method play a pivotal role in the synthesis of AC.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Sustainable oil palm trunk fibre based activated carbon for the adsorption of methylene blue

Gayathiri,

Pulingam,

Lee

et al. 2023

Sci Rep

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Activated carbon (AC) is becoming the limelight due to its widespread application as an adsorbent for wastewater treatment, gases, and catalysis. However, its high consumption and price have drawn more attention to the sustainable use of natural resources as precursor for AC production. This study focuses on synthesising AC from two types of oil palm trunk (OPT) fibres, a significant agricultural waste products produced by Malaysia's thriving palm oil industries. The BET surface area of about 2057.9 m2 g−1 was achieved by chemical activation with phosphoric acid (H3PO4). The efficiency of the synthesised AC was critically analysed based on the adsorption experiments with methylene blue (MB) by varying several parameters (dosage of adsorbent, pH, initial dye concentration, and temperature of the solution) to elucidate the adsorption mechanism(s). A maximum adsorption capacity of 320.4 mg g−1 at 50 °C was achieved, and the Temkin (r2 = 0.98, 0.95, 0.95) and Langmuir (r2 = 0.94, 0.93, 0.95) isotherm models fitted the adsorption process better than the Freundlich (r2 = 0.95, 0.90, 0.86) model. Besides, the pseudo-second-order model (r2 > 0.90) best described the adsorption process, favouring chemisorption over physisorption. Thermodynamics showed MB adsorption on AC was spontaneous except at the highest dye concentration. It was exothermic at lower dye concentrations (50 and 100 mg L−1) and endothermic at higher ones (300, 500, and 700 mg L−1). In a nutshell, this study reveals that OPT fibre is a promising precursor for synthesising highly porous AC for the adsorption of MB dye.

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“…The chemical reaction between H 3 PO 4 and lignocellulosic materials like hemicellulose and lignin during activation creates weak hydrolyze glycosidic linkages, thus accelerating the decomposition process. However, cellulose is not easily broken down because it acts as acid hydrolysis resistant material, leading to the high yield of TAC3 15 .…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Twigs-derived activated carbons via H3PO4/ZnCl2 composite activation for methylene blue and congo red dyes removal

Zubir

Zaini

2020

Sci Rep

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this work is aimed at evaluating the conversion of Pterocarpus indicus twigs into activated carbon via composite chemical activation for methylene blue and congo red dyes adsorption. the activated carbons were prepared by single-step chemical activation using zinc chloride and/or phosphoric acid at different mass impregnation ratios at 600 °C for 90 min. The activated carbons were characterized for textural properties and surface chemistry. The batch adsorption was investigated at different concentrations (5-1,000 mg/L), contact times (2-540 min) and temperatures (30-60 °C). Phosphoric acid-activated twigs carbon showed a high surface area of 1,445 m 2 /g with maximum methylene blue adsorption capacity of 438 mg/g. On the other hand, a composite-activated carbon yields a 217 mg/g of congo red removal. The adsorption data for both dyes fitted well with Langmuir and pseudo-second-order kinetics models, indicating the predominance of chemical adsorption through monolayer coverage of dye molecules on the homogenous surface of activated carbon. the thermodynamics properties of dye adsorption onto twigs-derived activated carbons indicated that the process is endothermic, spontaneous and favourable at high temperature. Overall, activated carbons derived from Pterocarpus indicus twigs could be effectively used for dye wastewater treatment. In many developing countries worldwide, textile industry is among the vast economy-driven activities with 2.8% rise in demand every year 1. However, it becomes a main contributor to water pollution issue that brings about multiple negative impacts to aquatic environment, ecological balance, and human health 2. The fabric sector consumes nearly several hundred thousand gallons of water every day, hence generating a large quantity of wastewater 3. Typical textile wastewater consists of nutrients such as phosphate, nitrates, micronutrients, and sources of carbon for algae cultivation 4. Yet, it also primarily includes colorants and auxiliary chemicals which are toxic and harmful, hence creating negative implications to the water streams 5. Dyestuff components are toxic, carcinogenic, and mutagenic. Generally, dye is persistent for a long duration because the molecular structure is complex and can withstand degradation by sunlight and microorganism in water. Additionally, dye in water can impede the penetration of sunlight, thereby reducing the rate of photosynthesis and consequently results in oxygen deficiency for respiration 6. Dyes can be categorized into anionic, cationic, and non-ionic. For example, methylene blue (basic blue 9) is among the prevalent cationic dyes used in the fabric sector and can cause damaging effects, primarily to the aquatic ecosystem and human health. Wastewater treatment strategies have been introduced to mitigate water pollution. Among others, adsorption outweighs other removal techniques because the process is simple, economical, and feasible for dye wastewater decontamination even at low concentration depending on the physicochemical properties of adsorbent...

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Activated Carbon from the Chinese Herbal Medicine Waste by H₃PO₄ Activation

Cited by 22 publications

References 21 publications

Synthesis and Characterization of Nano Activated Carbon from Annatto Peels (Bixa orellana L.) Viewed from Temperature Activation and Impregnation Ratio of H3PO4

Synthesis and Characterization of Nano Activated Carbon from Annatto Peels (Bixa orellana L.) Viewed from Temperature Activation and Impregnation Ratio of H3PO4

Sustainable oil palm trunk fibre based activated carbon for the adsorption of methylene blue

Twigs-derived activated carbons via H3PO4/ZnCl2 composite activation for methylene blue and congo red dyes removal

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Activated Carbon from the Chinese Herbal Medicine Waste by H3PO4 Activation

Cited by 22 publications

References 21 publications

Synthesis and Characterization of Nano Activated Carbon from Annatto Peels (Bixa orellana L.) Viewed from Temperature Activation and Impregnation Ratio of H3PO4

Synthesis and Characterization of Nano Activated Carbon from Annatto Peels (Bixa orellana L.) Viewed from Temperature Activation and Impregnation Ratio of H3PO4

Sustainable oil palm trunk fibre based activated carbon for the adsorption of methylene blue

Twigs-derived activated carbons via H3PO4/ZnCl2 composite activation for methylene blue and congo red dyes removal

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Activated Carbon from the Chinese Herbal Medicine Waste by H₃PO₄ Activation