Activated carbon-mediated adsorption of emerging contaminants

Abstract

Emerging contaminants are the outcome of the widespread usage of manufacturing advancements facilitating human life. These are found in various solid and liquid wastes discharged into nature. Sewage treatment plants across the globe receive a maximum quantity of various emerging contaminants from diverse sources. These contaminants reach soil, surface, and groundwater, affecting their quality. They also enter into the food web through different levels. This article thoroughly discusses the adverse effects of emerging contaminants and possible methods of remediation using activated carbon prepared from different materials. The review highlights the utilization of activated carbon for pharmaceutical and personal care products, pesticides, and a specific observation of caffeine removal. An in-depth online search for research and review articles gave an overview of technologies used and their reports with reference to the applicability of activated carbon as an adsorbent for emerging contaminants. Adsorption is considered to be one of the green methodologies for reducing contamination and making the resultant water of reusable quality. Biowaste materials are used for the preparation of activated carbon by chemical or physical modifications. These adsorbents can be used for removing emerging contaminants from wastewater/contaminated water. Many advantages of this method make it suitable for the treatment of effluent generated from various sources. The activated carbon quality, surface area for adsorption, and kinetics are of significance to ensure the quality and efficiency of the adsorbent.