Activation of groups III and IV sensory units in medial articular nerve by local mechanical stimulation of knee joint.

Schaible, Hans Georg; Schmidt, Robert F.

doi:10.1152/jn.1983.49.1.35

Cited by 165 publications

(56 citation statements)

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“…Eighteen of 23 units (78.3%) were found to be mechanosensitive to tensile stretch, and five were not responsive, even under tensile loads as high as 27.5 N. Based on their CVs, 18 mechanosensitive units were categorized into four Ab, six Ad and eight C afferent units. Afferents with CVs of greater than 20 m/s, 2.5-20 m/s or less than 2.5 m/s, are considered as Ab, Ad or C units, respectively [21]. One example is shown in Fig.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Development of an in vivo method to investigate biomechanical and neurophysiological properties of spine facet joint capsules

et al. 2005

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IntroductionThe human spine provides substantial load-bearing capability and range of motion due to important properties of its tissues and structures. Among various spinal soft tissues, facet joint capsules (FJC) have been the focus of several research studies due to their important roles in physical activities and spine pathology. The vertebral column has a greater range of motion in the cervical and lumbar regions than in the thoracic region for flexion and extension, and the FJC may experience large mechanical deformation in these regions. Various biomechanical studies have implicated that the lower cervical FJC can stretch beyond their physiologic range under whiplash loading conditions [7,18,28]. Yang and King [30] observed that the lumbar facet joint under compression could cause the capsule to stretch. Clinically, facet denervation has long been employed in the management of cervical, thoracic and low-back pain [4,17,22,24 Abstract Facet joint capsules (FJC) may experience large mechanical deformation under spine motion. There has been no previous quantitative study of the relationship between capsular strain and sensory nerve activation in spine FJC in vivo. Space limitation in the cervical spine makes such a study difficult, as the facet joint must be loaded while simultaneously monitoring nerve discharge from nerve roots immediately adjacent to the loaded tissue. A new methodology was developed to investigate biomechanical and neurophysiological properties of spine facet joint capsules in vivo. The method incorporated a custom-fabricated testing frame for facet joint loading, a stereoimaging system, and a template-matching technique to obtain single afferent response. It was tested by loading goat C5-C6 FJC in vivo with simultaneous nerve root recordings and 3D strain tracking of the capsules. Preliminary data showed that 18 of 23 afferents (78.3%) were found to be mechanosensitive to tensile stretch, and five were not responsive, even under tensile load as high as 27.5 N. Mechanosensitive afferents in goat capsules had tensile strain thresholds of 0.119±0.080. Neural responses of all mechanosensitive units showed statistically significant correlations (all P<<0.05) with both capsular load (r 2 =0.744±0.109) and local strain (r 2 =0.868±0.088). This method enables the investigation of the correlation between tissue load, deformation and neural responses of mechanoreceptors in spine facet joint capsules, and can be adapted to investigate tissue loading and neural response of other soft tissues.

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Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Development of an in vivo method to investigate biomechanical and neurophysiological properties of spine facet joint capsules

et al. 2005

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“…Group III and IV afferents (nocioceptors) have been found to respond to local mechanical stimulation of the joint, and their stimulation may have contributed to this outcome. 34 Thus, the presence of pain in both the effused and painful condition and the effused condition may help explain why quadriceps strength and activation did not differ between these groups.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 97%

Pain and Effusion and Quadriceps Activation and Strength

Palmieri-Smith

Villwock

Downie

et al. 2013

Journal of Athletic Training

100

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Context: Quadriceps dysfunction is a common consequence of knee joint injury and disease, yet its causes remain elusive.Objective: To determine the effects of pain on quadriceps strength and activation and to learn if simultaneous pain and knee joint effusion affect the magnitude of quadriceps dysfunction.Design: Crossover study. Setting: University research laboratory.Patients or Other Participants: Fourteen (8 men, 6 women; age ¼ 23.6 6 4.8 years, height ¼ 170.3 6 9.16 cm, mass ¼ 72.9 6 11.84 kg) healthy volunteers.Intervention(s): All participants were tested under 4 randomized conditions: normal knee, effused knee, painful knee, and effused and painful knee.Main Outcome Measure(s): Quadriceps strength (Nm/kg) and activation (central activation ratio) were assessed after each condition was induced.Results: Quadriceps strength and activation were highest under the normal knee condition and differed from the 3 experimental knee conditions (P , .05). No differences were noted among the 3 experimental knee conditions for either variable (P . .05).Conclusions: Both pain and effusion led to quadriceps dysfunction, but the interaction of the 2 stimuli did not increase the magnitude of the strength or activation deficits. Therefore, pain and effusion can be considered equally potent in eliciting quadriceps inhibition. Given that pain and effusion accompany numerous knee conditions, the prevalence of quadriceps dysfunction is likely high.Key Words: arthrogenic muscle inhibition, central activation failure, voluntary activation, muscles Key PointsKnee pain and effusion resulted in arthrogenic muscle inhibition and weakness of the quadriceps. The simultaneous presence of pain and effusion did not increase the magnitude of quadriceps dysfunction. To reduce arthrogenic muscle inhibition and improve muscle strength, clinicians should employ interventions that target removing both pain and effusion.

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“…The most common sensory modality to which joint nociceptors respond is overt mechanical stimuli (2-4). Single-unit recordings made from joint afferent nerves in the cat revealed that hyperextension or hyperflexion of the knee caused a profound increase in neuronal activity, which would be interpreted centrally as joint pain (5,6). It was later observed that acute inflammation of the knee reduces the mechanical threshold of joint sensory units, such that even normally innocuous movements resulted in a heightened neurogenic response (3,7).…”

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confidence: 99%

Chronic arthritis down‐regulates peripheral μ‐opioid receptor expression with concomitant loss of endomorphin 1 antinociception

Proud

Zhang

et al. 2005

Arthritis & Rheumatism

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Objective. To determine whether peripheral administration of the endogenous -opioid peptide endomorphin 1 could reduce knee joint pain, using animal models of acute and chronic arthritis.Methods. Extracellular electrophysiologic recordings were made of rat knee joint primary afferent nerve activity in response to noxious hyperrotation of the joint. Neuronal activity was assessed before and following local injection of endomorphin 1. Comparisons were made between normal knees and knees with adjuvantinduced monarthritis, tested at 48 hours and 1 week posttreatment. Expression of -opioid receptors in the dorsal root ganglia ipsilateral to the chronically inflamed joints was determined by real-time polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and immunohistochemical analysis.Results. In normal knees, endomorphin 1 caused up to a 75% reduction in joint afferent nerve activity, which was blocked by the -opioid receptor antagonist D-Phe-Cys-Tyr-D-Trp-Orn-Thr-Pen-Thr-amide. The inhibitory effect of endomorphin 1 was sustained in acutely inflamed knees. Conversely, in chronically inflamed joints, endomorphin 1 had no observable effect on the primary afferent nerve firing rate elicited by a noxious mechanical stimulus and, as such, was significantly different from the rate in normal joints. Immunohistochemical and real-time PCR analysis of the L3-L5 dorsal root ganglia ipsilateral to the chronic arthritis lesion revealed a reduction in -opioid receptor protein and gene expression compared with that in normal control animals.Conclusion. Taken together, these results provide the first electrophysiologic evidence that selective activation of peripheral -opioid receptors reduces normal knee joint mechanosensitivity to a noxious stimulus. Furthermore, the analgesic effect of endomorphin 1 is lost during chronic inflammation due to downregulation of -opioid receptor expression in afferent nerve cell bodies. These findings begin to explain the ambiguous efficacy of peripherally administered -opioid drugs in controlling chronic inflammatory joint pain.

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Activation of groups III and IV sensory units in medial articular nerve by local mechanical stimulation of knee joint.

Cited by 165 publications

References 0 publications

Development of an in vivo method to investigate biomechanical and neurophysiological properties of spine facet joint capsules

Development of an in vivo method to investigate biomechanical and neurophysiological properties of spine facet joint capsules

Pain and Effusion and Quadriceps Activation and Strength

Chronic arthritis down‐regulates peripheral μ‐opioid receptor expression with concomitant loss of endomorphin 1 antinociception

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