Activation of macrophages by polysaccharide isolated from Paecilomyces cicadae through toll-like receptor 4

Immunomodulatory activity on macrophage of a purified polysaccharide extracted from Laminaria japonica

“…3E, among the tested dosage, LJP-31 dose-dependently resulted in an increase of IL-10 production as well as TNF-␣, IL-1␤ and IL-6. These results are consistent with the effects of some other polysaccharides on the cytokine production by macrophages (Zhang & Dai, 2011;Kim et al, 2012;Kouakou et al, 2013). It has been reported that the macrophages are able to be converted into M1 cells and M2 cells when exposed to various stimulators.…”

Structural identification and immunostimulating activity of a Laminaria japonica polysaccharide

“…6H). The Paecilomyces cicadae polysaccharide (PCP) was also observed to activate macrophages to up-regulate the gene expressions of iNOS, IL-6, TNF-␣ and IL-1␤ in RAW 264.7 cells [44]. Taken together with production of cytokines in culture medium, we confirmed that the enhanced release of NO and cytokines induced by LJP-11 was mediated by the expression of their genes.…”

“…When the dose of LJP-11 reached 200 g/mL, the level of phosphorylated ERK1/2, JNK and P38 was increased by 73, 105 and 460% than those of normal control. It has been reported that activation of MAPKs is significant in the induction of cytokine gene expression as it controls the activation of NF-B [44]. In line with the changes in the level of phosphorylated ERK1/2, JNK and P38, the results in the present study showed significant dose-dependent increase of iNOS, TNF-␣ and IL-6 gene expressions, revealing LJP-11 induced the secretion of cytokines from macrophages via the activation of MAPKs signaling pathways, especially P38 and JNK pathways.…”

Mechanism of the immunostimulatory activity by a polysaccharide from Dictyophora indusiata

“…For instance, a polysaccharide isolated from Acanthopanax senticosus can activate the TLR4-mediated activation of macrophages and B cells [37]. A polysaccharide from Ganoderma lucidum induces the activation of macrophages through TLR4 [38]. In our study, fluorescein-labelled DIP (2-AMAC-DIP) was synthesised.…”