Activation of the G-protein coupled receptor GPR35 by human milk oligosaccharides through different pathways

Ze²,

Rui

et al. 2021

Front. Nutr.

Breast milk is rich in sialic acids (SA), which are commonly combined with milk oligosaccharides and glycoconjugates. As a functional nutrient component, SA-containing milk components have received increasing attention in recent years. Sialylated human milk oligosaccharides (HMOs) have been demonstrated to promote the growth and metabolism of beneficial gut microbiota in infants, bringing positive outcomes to intestinal health and immune function. They also exhibit antiviral and bacteriostatic activities in the intestinal mucosa of new-borns, thereby inhibiting the adhesion of pathogens to host cells. These properties play a pivotal role in regulating the intestinal microbial ecosystem and preventing the occurrence of neonatal inflammatory diseases. In addition, some recent studies also support the promoting effects of sialylated HMOs on neonatal bone and brain development. In addition to HMOs, sialylated glycoproteins and glycolipids are abundant in milk, and are also critical to neonatal health. This article reviews the current research progress in the regulation of sialylated milk oligosaccharides and glycoconjugates on neonatal gut microbiota and health.

Section: Effects Of Sialylated Milk Components On Neonatal Gut Microbiota and Healthmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Effects Of Sialylated Milk Components On Neonatal Gut Microbiota and Healthmentioning

confidence: 99%

Studies and Application of Sialylated Milk Components on Regulating Neonatal Gut Microbiota and Health

Ze²,

Rui

et al. 2021

Front. Nutr.

“…Additionally, HMOs can pass gut-barrier so that they have an effect outside the intestines [ 145 ]. HMOs have been demonstrated to activate G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) which can influence almost every physiological function, such as development, taste, olfaction, regulating heart rate, hormone signaling, and neurotransmission [ 146 ] in two ways: one pathway is direct activation by 6′-SL and LNT, the second is increased production of kynurenic acid (KYNA) by the microbiota which in turn activates GPR35 [ 147 ].…”

Section: Effects Of Hmo On Infant Gut Microbiotamentioning

confidence: 99%

Gold standard for nutrition: a review of human milk oligosaccharide and its effects on infant gut microbiota

Zhang

Xie

et al. 2021

Microb Cell Fact

Human milk is the gold standard for nutrition of infant growth, whose nutritional value is mainly attributed to human milk oligosaccharides (HMOs). HMOs, the third most abundant component of human milk after lactose and lipids, are complex sugars with unique structural diversity which are indigestible by the infant. Acting as prebiotics, multiple beneficial functions of HMO are believed to be exerted through interactions with the gut microbiota either directly or indirectly, such as supporting beneficial bacteria growth, anti-pathogenic effects, and modulation of intestinal epithelial cell response. Recent studies have highlighted that HMOs can boost infants health and reduce disease risk, revealing potential of HMOs in food additive and therapeutics. The present paper discusses recent research in respect to the impact of HMO on the infant gut microbiome, with emphasis on the molecular basis of mechanism underlying beneficial effects of HMOs.

“…Also, HMOs can interact with GPCRs. For example, LNT and 6′-SL individually activated a G protein-coupled receptor, GPR35, in the gastrointestinal tract, and they showed synergy when used together …”

Section: Structure–function Relationships Of Hmosmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…For example, LNT and 6′-SL individually activated a G protein-coupled receptor, GPR35, in the gastrointestinal tract, and they showed synergy when used together. 158 Chemokine-dependent signaling triggered integrin activation and leukocyte recruitment in immune cells, which is a very important mechanism. 159 CXC chemokine receptor 2 (CXCR2), a chemokine receptor on the surface of neutrophils, has shown to be critical to leukocyte aggregation at the sites of infection and tissue damage in innate immune responses.…”

Section: Functionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Current Advances in Structure–Function Relationships and Dose-Dependent Effects of Human Milk Oligosaccharides

Chen

et al. 2022

J. Agric. Food Chem.

HMOs (human milk oligosaccharides) are the third most important nutrient in breast milk. As complex glycans, HMOs play an important role in regulating neonatal intestinal immunity, resisting viral and bacterial infections, displaying antiinflammatory characteristics, and promoting brain development. Although there have been some previous reports of HMOs, a detailed literature review summarizing the structure−activity relationships and dose-dependent effects of HMOs is lacking. Hence, after introducing the structures and synthetic pathways of HMOs, this review summarizes and categorizes identified structure− function relationships of HMOs. Differential mechanisms of different structural HMOs utilization by microorganisms are summarized. This review also emphasizes the recent advances in the interactions between different health benefits and the variance of dosage effect based on in vitro cell tests, animal experiments, and human intervention studies. The potential relationships between the chemical structure, the dosage selection, and the physiological properties of HMOs as functional foods are vital for further understanding of HMOs and their future applications.