“…Known involving integrins include the activation of platelet degranulation (Shattil and Brugge, 1991;Jans, 1992;Raghow, 1994), the Na+/H+ antiporter (Schwartz et al, 1991a,b;Schwartz, 1993), changes in intracellular levels of Ca21 (Ng-Sikorski et al, 1991), changes in the levels of phosphoinositide and inositol phosphates (Breuer and Wagner, 1989;McNamee et al, 1993;Chong et al, 1994), tyrosine phosphorylation (Guan et al, 1991;Kornberg et al, 1991Kornberg et al, , 1992Burridge et al, 1992;Juliano and Haskill, 1993), activation of mitogenactivated protein kinases (Schlaepfer et al, 1994;Chen et al, 1994a), and the release of cytokines that ultimately cause T cell proliferation (Matsuyama et al, 1989;Nojima et al, 1990;Shimizu et al, 1990;Fine and Kruisbeek, 1991;van Seventer et al, 1991). Although much has been learned regarding the role of integrins in cell adhesion and signal transduction, the specific signal transduction pathways that lead to cell adhesion still remain elusive.…”