Activation of visual cortex in REM sleep measured by 24‐channel NIRS imaging

Igawa, Mariko; Atsumi, Yoshikata; Takahashi, Kazumi; Shiotsuka, Shinichi; Hirasawa, Hideto; Yamamoto, Rieko; Maki, Atsushi; Yamashita, Yuichi; Koizumi, Hideaki

doi:10.1046/j.1440-1819.2001.00819.x

Cited by 30 publications

(12 citation statements)

References 2 publications

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“…Moreover, Igawa et al. , 50 using near‐infrared spectroscopy, observed that the activities in the primary visual cortex are suppressed during REM sleep. The findings show good agreement with Ogawa's assumption 48 …”

Section: Dream Images Are Generated At the Offset Of Rapid Eye Movemementioning

confidence: 99%

Brain potentials related to rapid eye movements and dreaming during REM sleep: A short review of psychophysiological correlates

Hori

Ogawa

Abe³

et al. 2008

Sleep and Biological Rhythms

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Many sleep researchers have examined dream image-generation, which occurs during rapid eye movement (REM) sleep. Furthermore, activation of brain regions related to rapid eye movements during human REM sleep has been reported. Although recent brain imaging techniques have high spatial resolution, their temporal resolution is limited. Consequently, the spatio-temporal structures of brain activities related to rapid eye movement remain largely unknown. This article presents a short review of findings of recent studies that have used brain potentials related to rapid eye movement to examine dream image-generation processes. Brain potentials related to rapid eye movement are obtained using averaged electroencephalography (EEG) that is time-locked to the onset or offset of rapid eye movement. First, based on findings related to presaccadic and pre-REM brain potentials, we discuss why eyes move during REM sleep. Second, the relationship of lambdalike potentials, which occur immediately after the cessation of rapid eye movement, to generation of visual dream images, is discussed. Third, enhancement of gamma-band EEG activity occurring immediately after the offset of rapid eye movement is discussed in terms of information-binding of dream images. Finally in this review, preparatory activation of emotion and memory circuits before the onset of rapid eye movement is discussed in terms of contextual setting of the dream story.

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Section: Dream Images Are Generated At the Offset Of Rapid Eye Movemementioning

confidence: 99%

Brain potentials related to rapid eye movements and dreaming during REM sleep: A short review of psychophysiological correlates

Hori

Ogawa

Abe³

et al. 2008

Sleep and Biological Rhythms

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“…Although there is support for the scanning hypothesis based on the similar kinematic properties of saccades during wakefulness and rapid EMs during sleep (Sprenger et al, 2010), as well as cohesion of EMs and dream enactment in RBD patients (Leclair-Visonneau et al, 2010), for example, other studies argue against such a direct link between nocturnal EMs and visual dream activity (Ogawa et al, 2002). However, the particularities of REM sleep, including an increase in metabolic activity of the brain (Hobson et al, 2000;Maquet, 2000) and particularly of the visual cortices (Braun et al, 1997(Braun et al, , 1998Igawa et al, 2001;Peigneux et al, 2001), make it a prime period for the generation of vivid visual dream imagery.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Rapid eye movements are reduced in blind individuals

Christensen

Aubin

Nielsen

et al. 2019

Journal of Sleep Research

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There is ongoing controversy regarding the role of rapid eye movements (EMs) during rapid eye movement (REM) sleep. One prevailing hypothesis is that EMs during REM sleep are indicative of the presence of visual imagery in dreams. We tested the validity of this hypothesis by measuring EMs in blind subjects and correlating these with visual dream content. Eleven blind subjects, of whom five were congenitally blind (CB) and six late blind (LB), and 11 matched sighted control (SC) subjects participated in this study. All participants underwent full‐night polysomnography (PSG) recordings that were staged manually following American Academy of Sleep Medicine (AASM) criteria. Nocturnal EMs were detected automatically using a validated EM detector, and EM activity was represented as “EM coverage” computed as percentage of time with EM in each sleep stage. Frequency of sensory dream elements was measured in dream recall questionnaires over a 30‐day period. Both blind groups showed less EM coverage during wakefulness, N1, N2 and REM sleep than did controls. CB and LB subjects did not differ in EM activity. Validation of the detector applied to blind subjects revealed an overall accuracy of 95.6 ± 3.6%. Analysis of dream reports revealed that LB subjects reported significantly more visual dream elements than did CB. Although no specific mechanisms can be revealed in the current study, the quasi absence of nocturnal EMs in LB subjects despite preserved visual dream content does not support the visual scanning of dreams hypothesis. Specifically, results suggest a dissociation between EMs and visual dream content in blind individuals.

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“…Visual cortex has been reported to be activated during REMS, however, there are some inconsistencies among the findings in the literature about whether there is activation of V1 during REMS (Braun et al, 1998Peigneux et al, 2001Igawa et al, 2001. The controversy about the activation of V1 during REMS associated dreams may be due to difference in tasks, baseline conditions and methods of analysis used in various studies.…”

Section: Activation Of Retinotopic V1 Area During Visual Imagery and mentioning

confidence: 99%

“…However, complex retinotopic visual can serve some special function not only during visual perception and imagery but also during REMS associated visual dreams. Since, it appears that numerous retinotopic visual areas are activated during REMS (Igawa et al, 2001Peigneux et al, 2001Hong et al, 2009Miyauchi et al, 2009, it suggests that one of the major aims of REMS is to activate visual imagery directed via subconscious processes. Based on present knowledge, the neuro-anatomo-chemical substrates in the brain for activation of REMS-associated expression of visual imagery may be supported by the diagram shown in Figure 1a and 1b.…”

Section: Activation Of Retinotopic Areas As a Central Function Of Remmentioning

confidence: 99%

Activation of Retinotopic Visual Areas Is Central to REM Sleep Associated Dreams: Visual Dreams and Visual Imagery Possibly Co-Emerged In Evolution

Bókkon

Mallick

2012

Act Nerv Super

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The latest experimental results support that multiple retinotopic visual systems play a central role not only in the processing of visual signals but also in the integration and processing of internally represented auditory and tactile information. These retinotopic maps have access to higher levels of cognitive processing, performed by the frontal lobes, for example. The occipital cortex may have a special role in multisensory integration. There is a functional basis for the development and maturation of visual memory in association of rapid eye movement sleep (REMS) which is linked to dreams and visual imagery. Physiological and psychological processes of REMS are similar to waking visual imagery. Furthermore, visual imagery during REMS utilize a common visual neural pathway similar to that used in wakefulness. This pathway subserves visual processes accompanied with auditory experiences and intrinsic feelings. We argue that the activation of the retinotopic visual areas is central to REM sleep associated dreams and that REMS associated dreaming and visual imagery may have coevolved in homeothermic animals during evolution. We also suggest that protoconscious state during REM sleep, as introduced by Hobson many years ago, may be a basic visual process.

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Activation of visual cortex in REM sleep measured by 24‐channel NIRS imaging

Cited by 30 publications

References 2 publications

Brain potentials related to rapid eye movements and dreaming during REM sleep: A short review of psychophysiological correlates

Brain potentials related to rapid eye movements and dreaming during REM sleep: A short review of psychophysiological correlates

Rapid eye movements are reduced in blind individuals

Activation of Retinotopic Visual Areas Is Central to REM Sleep Associated Dreams: Visual Dreams and Visual Imagery Possibly Co-Emerged In Evolution

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