Active and Passive Immunization of Chimpanzees Infected with West African and Southeast Asian Strains of Plasmodium falciparum

Sadun, E. H.; Hickman, Robert L.; Wellde, B. T.; Moon, A. P.; Udeozo, I. O. K.

doi:10.1093/milmed/131.suppl_9.1250

Cited by 42 publications

(18 citation statements)

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“…For instance, studies in neurosyphilitic patients infected with P. falciparum for therapeutic purposes have shown that these patients could be reinfected more than once with either homologous or heterologous strains, but that a fourfold-higher parasitemia was observed in heterologous infections (8). Comparable results have been obtained in splenectomized chimpanzees (24) and in owl monkeys (9). If the strain-specific antigenic determinants present on the surface of infected erythrocytes are a target for immune mechanisms, it is essential to determine the extent of their diversity.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 55%

Surface alterations of erythrocytes in Plasmodium falciparum malaria. Antigenic variation, antigenic diversity, and the role of the spleen.

Hommel¹,

David²,

Oligino³

1983

The Journal of Experimental Medicine

210

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The surface of erythrocytes infected with late developmental stages of Plasmodium falciparum is profoundly altered and new antigenic determinants can be detected by surface immunofluorescence using immune squirrel monkey serum. The expression of these parasite-specific antigenic determinants on the surface of the host erythrocyte can be modulated by the presence or absence of the spleen and by immune pressure. An antigenic switch occurred when a cloned population of the Ugandan Palo Alto strain of P. falciparum was transferred from a splenectomized into an intact monkey and this switch was reversible. In another strain (Indochina-1), we showed that the parasites isolated during secondary and recrudescent peaks expressed erythrocyte-associated surface antigens different from the parasites isolated during the primary infection; six variant antigenic types distinct from the original population were isolated in this way. The passive transfer of immune serum can induce antigenic variation and this can occur in a cloned parasite. The various mechanisms of antigenic variation in P. falciparum are discussed in the context of strain-specific diversity and the role of antigenic diversity in acquired immunity.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 55%

Surface alterations of erythrocytes in Plasmodium falciparum malaria. Antigenic variation, antigenic diversity, and the role of the spleen.

Hommel¹,

David²,

Oligino³

1983

The Journal of Experimental Medicine

210

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“…A final comment should be made on the use of 'homologous' and 'heterolo-gous' isolates of P. falciparum in immunological and particularly in protective or vaccination experiments. Such studies have often yielded inconsistent results, providing apparent evidence for strain specificity of protection in some combinations of parasite isolates but not in others (11)(12)(13)(14)(15)(16)(37)(38)(39)(40)(41). In these studies the terms homologous and heterologous have been assumed to imply antigenic identity and probable nonidentity, respectively, between parasites used for immunization and subsequent challenge.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Polymorphism of a high molecular weight schizont antigen of the human malaria parasite Plasmodium falciparum.

McBride¹,

Newbold²,

Anand³

1985

The Journal of Experimental Medicine

152

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Intraspecies antigenic diversity in the blood stages of the human malaria parasite Plasmodium falciparum was investigated using a collection of murine monoclonal antibodies and clones of the parasite. The results were as follows: (a) The schizont and merozoite stages of the parasite express on their surface clonally restricted antigens detectable by strain-specific antibodies in indirect immunofluorescence tests. (b) These restricted antigens are phenotypically stable characteristics of clones grown in vitro. (c) The molecules carrying the specific antigens were isolated by immunoprecipitation and were found to be parasite proteins ranging in size from Mr 190,000 to 200,000 between clones. (d) Comparative immunoprecipitation and peptide mapping of these molecules showed that each parasite clone expresses a protein that is antigenically and structurally distinct from the equivalent products of several other clones. (e) The different clonal products are, however, immunologically interrelated, since they possess determinants in common with all tested isolates of the parasite. (f) These polymorphic molecules are closely related to a previously described schizont protein of P. falciparum that is posttranslationally cleaved into fragments located on the merozoite surface. These findings show the existence of a family of related polymorphic schizont antigens (PSA) of P. falciparum, whose expression is clonally restricted, and indicate that these proteins have regions of constant and variable antigenicity. We propose that a system of immunological classification of the parasite can be developed based on the polymorphism of these proteins.

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“…However, it was not necessarily strain specific, since protection could be obtained against challenge with heterologous strains as assessed by shortened clinical episodes and reduced levels of parasitemia, although the protection was not quite as effective as that against the homologous strain (38,40,161). Furthermore, it appeared that repeated infections brought about a broadening of specificity, i.e., often transcending the strain (267). A series of retrospective examinations of the malariatherapy studies with P. vivax and P. falciparum were published in 1999 and 2004 (80,82).…”

Section: Historical Observations Of Actively Acquired or Induced Immumentioning

confidence: 99%

“…In chimpanzees, it was shown that infection with a West African strain of P. falciparum could protect against challenge with the homologous strain of P. falciparum but was much less effective against heterologous challenge (267). In splenectomized gibbons, infection with P. falciparum isolates of Thai origin conferred significant protection against homologous challenge, and some isolates were able to stimulate a degree of cross-protection similar to that conferred by the homologous strain.…”

Section: Strain-specific Versus Cross-reactive (Strain-transcending) mentioning

confidence: 99%

Acquired Immunity to Malaria

2009

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SUMMARY Naturally acquired immunity to falciparum malaria protects millions of people routinely exposed to Plasmodium falciparum infection from severe disease and death. There is no clear concept about how this protection works. There is no general agreement about the rate of onset of acquired immunity or what constitutes the key determinants of protection; much less is there a consensus regarding the mechanism(s) of protection. This review summarizes what is understood about naturally acquired and experimentally induced immunity against malaria with the help of evolving insights provided by biotechnology and places these insights in the context of historical, clinical, and epidemiological observations. We advocate that naturally acquired immunity should be appreciated as being virtually 100% effective against severe disease and death among heavily exposed adults. Even the immunity that occurs in exposed infants may exceed 90% effectiveness. The induction of an adult-like immune status among high-risk infants in sub-Saharan Africa would greatly diminish disease and death caused by P. falciparum. The mechanism of naturally acquired immunity that occurs among adults living in areas of hyper- to holoendemicity should be understood with a view toward duplicating such protection in infants and young children in areas of endemicity.

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Active and Passive Immunization of Chimpanzees Infected with West African and Southeast Asian Strains of Plasmodium falciparum

Cited by 42 publications

References 0 publications

Surface alterations of erythrocytes in Plasmodium falciparum malaria. Antigenic variation, antigenic diversity, and the role of the spleen.

Surface alterations of erythrocytes in Plasmodium falciparum malaria. Antigenic variation, antigenic diversity, and the role of the spleen.

Polymorphism of a high molecular weight schizont antigen of the human malaria parasite Plasmodium falciparum.

Acquired Immunity to Malaria

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