Active biocatalyst for biodiesel production from spent coffee ground

Development of power­efficient and environmentally safe coffee product technologies

“…Various possibilities for using coffee slurry are discussed, namely, production of biofuel [6], biodiesel [7], biogas [8], bioethanol, fuel pellets [9,10] and bio-oil [11]. It is proposed to produce value-added products from coffee slurry, such as bioactive compounds, adsorbents, polymers, nanocomposites [12] and compost [13].…”

“…However, issues related to system analysis of heat technologies for the production of instant coffee and food concentrates remained unresolved in [6][7][8][9][10][11][12][13]. It may be caused by the fact that researchers pay more attention to the problems of waste disposal though the technology of instant coffee production has immense reserves of improvement of energy efficiency and reduction of burden on the environment.…”

Comparative effect of reaction time on biodiesel production from low free fatty acid beef tallow: a definition of product yield

“…Biodiesel has reduced viscosity than its parent lipid feedstock and is suitable and preferable for use as alternative to (or in blend with) petro-diesel in compression ignition engine without engine modification [4,5]. Several methods, such as blending of oils, formation of micro-emulsion, thermal cracking (pyrolysis) and transesterification have been employed to reduce the viscosity of lipid biomass but of all, transesterification reaction is the only convenient synthesis route for biodiesel in the laboratory [6] and it involves step-wise substitution of the glycerol (triple hydroxyl functionality) link in triglyceride (TG) molecules of lipids with single short alcohol, usually with methanol, in the presence of acid [7,8], base, or bio-catalyst [9,10], or even without catalyst [11]. Figure 1 shows the overall stoichiometric equation for transesterification reaction in structural form.…”

“…Before going into details of reaction performance, it is noteworthy that the choice of biomass feedstock for biodiesel production is very crucial for process sustainability. Lipids from microbial, inedible and waste resources are recommended to shun food versus fuel competition/crisis [4,10]. Fats and oil are required for body nourishment; however, saturated fat-usually of animal origin-are required in very limited amount as excess of such nutrients has several health implications [14,15].…”

“…A very similar model but, in terms of mass as given in Eq. 2-where: m biodiesel is the mass of biodiesel and m lipid is the mass of lipid used-is most common [2,4,10,[21][22][23]. By the same analogy, Eq.…”