Active cutaneous leishmaniasis in Brazil, induced by Leishmania donovani chagasi

Neto, Manoel Paes-Oliveira; Grimaldi, Gabriel; Momen, Hooman; Pacheco, Raquel S.; Marzochi, Mauro Célio de Almeida; Pratt, Diane McMahon

doi:10.1590/s0074-02761986000300006

Cited by 29 publications

(16 citation statements)

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“…This observation has long been reported for the Leishmania subgenus (1,2,5,22,31,34,46). Although host genetics may be involved (9,43), the inherent differences of the causative agents remain to be significant contributing factors.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 77%

Transmembrane Molecules for Phylogenetic Analyses of Pathogenic Protists: Leishmania -Specific Informative Sites in Hydrophilic Loops of Trans- Endoplasmic Reticulum N -Acetylglucosamine-1-Phosphate Transferase

et al. 2007

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A sequence database was created for the Leishmania N-acetylglucosamine-1-phosphate transferase (nagt) gene from 193 independent isolates. PCR products of this single-copy gene were analyzed for restriction fragment length polymorphism based on seven nagt sequences initially available. We subsequently sequenced 77 samples and found 19 new variants (genotypes). Alignment of all 26 nagt sequences is gap free, except for a single codon addition or deletion. Phylogenetic analyses of the sequences allow grouping the isolates into three subgenera, each consisting of recognized species complexes, i.e., subgenus Leishmania (L. amazonensis-L. mexicana, L. donovani-L. infantum, L. tropica, L. major, and L. turanica-L. gerbilli), subgenus Viannia (L. braziliensis, L. panamensis), and one unclassified (L. enriettii) species. This hierarchy of grouping is also supported by sequence analyses of selected samples for additional single-copy genes present on different chromosomes. Intraspecies divergence of nagt varies considerably with different species complexes. Interestingly, species complexes with less subspecies divergence are more widely distributed than those that are more divergent. The relevance of this to Leishmania evolutionary adaptation is discussed. Heterozygosity of subspecies variants contributes to intraspecies diversity, which is prominent in L. tropica but not in L. donovani-L. infantum. This disparity is thought to result from the genetic recombination of the respective species at different times as a rare event during their predominantly clonal evolution. Phylogenetically useful sites of nagt are restricted largely to several extended hydrophilic loops predicted from hypothetical models of Leishmania NAGT as an endoplasmic reticulum transmembrane protein. In silico analyses of nagt from fungi and other protozoa further illustrate the potential value of this and, perhaps, other similar transmembrane molecules for phylogenetic analyses of single-cell eukaryotes.Many microorganisms speciate via clonal evolution. They replicate asexually, with genetic recombination as a rare event.A typical example among single-cell eukaryotes is the trypanosomatid protozoa (58, 59), which are mostly parasites, e.g., Leishmania spp. and Trypanosoma spp. Leishmania spp. live extracellularly in the digestive tracts of blood-sucking female sand flies of various species as their vectors and intracellularly in the macrophages of different mammalian hosts, i.e., human, canine, rodent, and other reservoir animals. The complexities of such unusual ecological niches undoubtedly contribute to Leishmania speciation.A large body of biological, biochemical, immunological, and molecular data (7,10,23,55) exists in the literature suggesting that the genus Leishmania consists of three groups (55) as follows: (i) subgenus Leishmania, which includes species complexes distributed in both the New World and the Old World, e.g., L. majorturanica-L. gerbilli; (ii) subgenus Viannia, whose members are restricted to the Neotropics, e.g., L. braziliensis [...

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 77%

Transmembrane Molecules for Phylogenetic Analyses of Pathogenic Protists: Leishmania -Specific Informative Sites in Hydrophilic Loops of Trans- Endoplasmic Reticulum N -Acetylglucosamine-1-Phosphate Transferase

et al. 2007

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“…Most authors agree to consider L chagasi identical to L infantum. 32 The finding of L chagasi in a cutaneous lesion was first recognized by Oliveira Neto et al 33 in Brazil. Later, L chagasi was identified in patients with CL from Honduras, 34 El Salvador, 35 and other foci of Central America.…”

Section: Geographical Distribution and Epidemiologymentioning

confidence: 91%

Cutaneous Leishmaniasis Due to Leishmania infantum

Giudice¹,

Marty²,

Lacour³

et al. 1998

Arch Dermatol

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Background: Leishmania infantum recently has been identified as a possible agent of cutaneous leishmaniasis (CL). This species has been isolated from cutaneous lesions of patients from the Mediterranean Basin. However, little is known about the clinical, biological, or therapeutic features of this newly recognized CL.Observations: Six patients aged 9 months to 85 years in southeastern France were found to have autochthonous leishmaniasis. Parasitological identification showed that the agent was L infantum, zymodemes Montpellier-1 for 2 patients and Montpellier-24 for 1 patient. Five patients who underwent testing with a Western blot assay were found to have antibodies against 4 antigens with molecular masses of 18, 21, 23, and 31 kd. Five patients were successfully treated with local injections of N-methylglucamine, and 1 patient was successfully treated with topical paromomycin sulfate. No patient had visceral disease at diagnosis or after follow-up.Conclusions: Recent data provide increasing evidence that L infantum is an important agent of CL. In southwestern Europe, this species is the only agent that has long been identified from autochthonous CL. Leishmania infantum should be considered an agent of CL in areas in which visceral leishmaniasis is endemic. Western blot assay could be a useful test for the diagnosis, but precise parasitological identification is important to having a better knowledge of the disease. The relationships between CL and the visceral disease have to be explored.

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“…The significance of these findings regarding the nature of infections in wild or domestic reservoir hosts in foci of human cutaneous and/or visceral leishmaniasis due to this parasite remains to be studied. A cutaneous lesion due to L. i. chagasi has been reported in a patient from the state of Rio de Janeiro, Brazil (Oliveira et al 1986). Unlike those described in Costa Rica and Honduras, however, the lesion was ulcerative, and cutaneous manifestations of infection with this parasite in Brazil would appear to be a rarity.…”

Section: The Influence Of the Saliva Of Lu Longipalpis Sl On Infecmentioning

confidence: 99%

Lutzomyia longipalpis and the eco-epidemiology of American visceral leishmaniasis, with particular reference to Brazil: a review

Lainson

Rangel

2005

Mem. Inst. Oswaldo Cruz

404

248

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Active cutaneous leishmaniasis in Brazil, induced by Leishmania donovani chagasi

Cited by 29 publications

References 0 publications

Transmembrane Molecules for Phylogenetic Analyses of Pathogenic Protists: Leishmania -Specific Informative Sites in Hydrophilic Loops of Trans- Endoplasmic Reticulum N -Acetylglucosamine-1-Phosphate Transferase

Transmembrane Molecules for Phylogenetic Analyses of Pathogenic Protists: Leishmania -Specific Informative Sites in Hydrophilic Loops of Trans- Endoplasmic Reticulum N -Acetylglucosamine-1-Phosphate Transferase

Cutaneous Leishmaniasis Due to Leishmania infantum

Lutzomyia longipalpis and the eco-epidemiology of American visceral leishmaniasis, with particular reference to Brazil: a review

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