Active Distribution Networks with Microgrid and Distributed Energy Resources Optimization Using Hierarchical Model

Abstract

Distribution networks have undergone a series of changes, with the insertion of distributed energy resources, such as distributed generation, energy storage systems, and demand response, allowing the consumers to produce energy and have an active role in distribution systems. Thus, it is possible to form microgrids. From the active grid’s point of view, it is necessary to plan the operation considering the distributed resources and the microgrids connected to it, aiming to ensure the maintenance of grid economy and operational safety. So, this paper presents the proposition of a hierarchical model for planning the daily operation of active distribution grids with microgrids. In this case, the entire grid operation is optimized considering the results from the microgrid optimization itself. If none of the technical constraints, for example voltage levels, are reached, the grid is optimized, however, if there are some violations in the constraints feedback is sent to the internal microgrid optimization to be run again. Several scenarios are evaluated to verify the iteration among the controls in a coordinated way allowing the optimization of the operation of microgrids, as well as of the distribution network. A coordinated and hierarchical operation of active distribution networks with microgrids, specifically when they have distributed energy resources allocated and operated in an optimized way, results in a reduction in operating costs, losses, and greater flexibility and security of the whole system.

Configuring an heterogeneous smartgrid network: complexity and approximations for tree topologies

“…On Figure 4a, 50)) is the highest multiple of 2 5 • ε lower than a(50) which is exactly a(50) ≃ 49.99952. The same occurs for F O (s 2 , p 3 ) = 19.99981.…”

“…On the two figures, the rounded flow F O (s 1 , p 3 ) is ⊕((P ow((p 3 ))), 1) = a(P ow((p 3 ))) = a (10). The value 10 is rounded to the highest multiple of 20), the highest multiple of 2 4 • ε which is around 19.99981 and F O (w 1 , p 1 ) = a(50), the highest multiple of 2 5 • ε which is around 49.99952.…”

“…Reliability can be defined as the capacity of the electrical system to supply electricity in the quantity and with the quality demanded by consumers by using available sources reliably and fairly. Thus, to guarantee reliability, the objective here is to find the configuration satisfying the demands of the consumers [6,18,22] by saturating as little as possible the production capacity of (heterogeneous) sources and the flow capacity of links and switches [3,5].…”

A Survey on Cyber-Physical Security of Active Distribution Networks in Smart Grids

“…Modern ADNs are characterized by i) integration of large shares of DERs [20]; ii) reliance on interconnected communication infrastructures [12]; iii) distributed voltage and power-sharing control structures [26]; iv) utilization of AMI, PMUs and smart field devices [27], and v) consumer participation in energy management [28]. The "active" nature of these systems can largely be attributed to enhancements in functionality that make power distribution more adaptable and responsive to the changing energy landscape.…”

A Hierarchical Framework for Day-Ahead Optimal Operation Planning of Active Distribution Networks with Multi-Microgrids

“…Works, such as [12][13][14][15][16],have already analyzed the operation planning of single or multiple microgrids, in terms of cost, energy storage systems capacity, flexibility, stability and inclusion of distributed energy resources (DERs), which contributes to the MGs performance in many aspects that were also analyzed. The work developed by [17] consider the integration of a microgrid in a completed modeled distribution grid, with distribution transformers, capacitor banks and voltage regulators, as well consider the integration of DG, storage systems and a microgrid. In this case the authors also proposed a hierarchical approach between the optimization of the microgrid itself, consisting of optimization of its equipment, and the optimization of the entire ADN.…”