“…However, modeling and analyzing energy systems is crucial for conducting research on OMVs. A well-developed energy model can serve as an evaluation criterion for determining energy-saving control (Ding, Peng, et al, 2021;Ding, Wang, et al, 2021;Sarkar et al, 2016;Yang et al, 2019Yang et al, , 2020, a basis for energy-saving path planning (Kularatne et al, 2018;Liu et al, 2022;Wei et al, 2019), or even as a model for assessing energy efficiency in cluster tasks (Furno et al, 2017;Gu et al, 2021Gu et al, , 2022Thompson et al, 2020;Yan et al, 2015). Therefore, a clearer understanding of the motion response of OMVs in complex and variable ocean environments and the construction of a good energy model are of far-reaching significance to marine robotics research.…”