Active Immunization of Man With Toxoid of Habu (Trimeresurus Flavoviridis) Venom

Someya, Shiro; Murata, Ryosuke; Sawai, Yoshio; Kondo, Hisashi; Ishii, Akira

doi:10.7883/yoken1952.25.47

Cited by 13 publications

(5 citation statements)

References 10 publications

Supporting

Mentioning

Contrasting

Order By: Relevance

“…Various methods are used in the preparation of vaccines, and among them, formalin use is the most common ( 22 ) and basic ( 23 ) method. Toxoid vaccines obtained by using formalin on the venom of Cobra ( 24 ) and Habu ( 25 ) snakes are currently used in southern Asian countries, especially in India. When toxoid is used as a vaccinating agent, an augmented immune response ensues that forms an immuno-logical memory against the toxoid immunogenic epitopes ( 26 ).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Cellular Immunity in Mice Vaccinated with Recombinant Phospholipase D Toxoid of Hemiscorpius lepturus Scorpion

Safari-Foroushani¹,

Modarressi²,

Bagheri³

et al. 2022

JAD

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

Background: Hemiscorpius lepturus is one of the most dangerous scorpions in Iran and the world. Numerous studies have been conducted on phospholipases, especially phospholipase D, in this scorpion’s venom, and the results have shown this protein to be the main cause of death. Therefore, one of the most effective ways of preventing fatalities is to produce a toxoid vaccine from the deadly toxin of the venom. The present study was conducted to assess the non-toxicity of this toxoid and the safety of the vaccine candidate in BALB/c mice. Methods: The production of interferon-gamma and interleukin-4 cytokines in the spleen cells of the mice was measured using ELISpot assay 28 days following immunization with rPLD toxoid. Results: The unpaired t-test results showed a significant increase in the concentration of IFN-γ cytokine in the vaccinated mice (P= 0.001), indicating that the immune system is directed toward the Th1 pattern, while no significant difference was observed in the levels of IL-4 (P= 0.16) despite an increase in this cytokine. The in-vivo tests showed that the mice immunized with interval doses of 80µg of toxoid were completely protected against 10 × the LD100 of the venom. Moreover, the toxoid had no dermonecrotic effects and caused no necrotic and inflammatory complications in the rabbit skin. Conclusion: As a vaccine, the toxoid has the potential to increase the Th1 cytokine response and, subsequently, increase acquired cellular immunity. Thus, this toxoid appears to be able to provide an effective vaccine against the venom of Hemiscorpius lepturus.

show abstract

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Cellular Immunity in Mice Vaccinated with Recombinant Phospholipase D Toxoid of Hemiscorpius lepturus Scorpion

Safari-Foroushani¹,

Modarressi²,

Bagheri³

et al. 2022

JAD

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

show abstract

“…Mixed toxoid composed of HR1 and HR2 toxoids proved to be suitable for protecting animals against the challenge with crude venom (Kondo, H. et al, 1971b;Kondo, Sadahiro and Murata, 1976). Although the toxoid is also immunogenic for human beings, production of anti-HR1 was rather poor in man and monkeys (Kondo, H., 1971b;Someya et al, 1972). Sadahiro et al (1978) reported that a considerable number of the vaccinees (30%) failed to produce anti-HR1 to more than 1 U/ml, the level being presumed to be necessary to protect man against higher than 1 U/ml, the level being Titers of antitoxin (geometric means) in Fig.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Immunimmunogenicity of Purified Habu Snake-Venom Toxoid in Guinea Pigs and Monkeys With Special Reference to Hr1 Component

Sadahiro¹,

Omori-Satoh²,

Yamauchi³

et al. 1981

JJMSB

Self Cite

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

SUMMARY: Purity of the parent toxin influenced greatly the immunogenicity in guinea pigs of HR1 component of Habu-venom toxoid. The potency of HR1 toxoid in terms of the immunizing unit (ImU) appeared to be related to the antigen and aluminum contents. The immune response of the animals differed depending on the purity of the toxoid when the dose-response curve was examined over a wide range of the antigen dosage. Anti-HR1 titers of the guinea pigs immunized with crude toxoid (adsorbed) reached a plateau at about 10-20 U/ml and further rise was not remarkable even when the amount of the antigen was increased several times, while 200 U/ml (maximum 400 U/ml or higher) of anti-HR1 was produced with a large amount of highly purified HR1 toxoid.Purified toxoid showed an excellent immunogenicity also in monkeys. The amounts of antigens necessary for the basic immunization to resist the challenge with a certainly lethal dose of crude venom were 18 and 0.5 mg as protein, for a crude and a highly purified toxoid, respectively. The total amount of aluminum was also reduced from 8.1 (crude toxoid) to 0.5 mg (purified toxoid). Multiple in jections for the primary immunization enhanced early production of anti-HR1 in monkeys. However, at later stages of immunization, significant correlation was observed between the amount of HR1 toxoid (in ImU) for the primary immunization and the circulating anti-HR1 titer irrespective of the schedule of immunization. Anti-HR2 higher than 10 U/ml was produced consistently in monkeys with HR2 toxoid of 1.0 ImU for the basic immunization.However, excess HR2 toxoid of more than 10 ImU seemed rather unfavorable for anti-HR2 production.

show abstract

“…It is of interest to scrutinize the immunological characteristics of low and high responders. The Committee on Habu Toxoid suggested that circulating antitoxins of more than 1 unit/ml may be useful to alleviate symptoms of envenomation caused by the bite by Habu snake (Someya et al, 1972). Table VI shows that about 60% of vaccinees who have completed the basic immunization with 0.5 ml of Habu toxoid produced anti-HR1 exceeding 1 U/ml and the rate rose to 78% if only the toxoids with a potency of 18ImU/ml or more were considered.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The antitoxin titers were not different from those of 45A group receiving 0.5 ml. This was also the case with APF toxoid (Someya et al, 1972). Although no evidence was available to explain such a phenomenon, some factors may be considered:…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

See 1 more Smart Citation

Immune Response of Man to Habu-Venom Toxoid

Murata¹,

Fukushima

1981

JJMSB

Self Cite

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

SUMMARY: Immune response of man to various Habu-venom toxoids with different potencies was investigated. A linear relationship was observed between circulating anti-HR1 and the amount of HR1 toxoid used for the basic immuniza tion. A highly purified toxoid was 2.5 times more effective in man than partially purified ones, when compared on the basis of the immunizing unit determined in guinea pigs. Out of 265 vaccinees, 202 (76.2%) produced anti-HR1 exceeding 1 U/ml after two injections of the mixed toxoid and the rate rose to 96% after the booster immunization, when the preparation contained HRl toxoid of not less than 9ImU per dose. The rate fell to 58% and 28.5%, 12 months and 24 months after the last injection, respectively. Although booster immunization was effective to restore the declined antibody production, the level of anti-HRl after the injection did not exceed that after the basic immunization in the groups primed with partially purified HR 1 toxoid. Neither increased number of injection nor changed duration of intervals of successive injections for the basic immunization improved the immune response of man. Booster effect was slightly higher in the groups primed with a highly purified toxoid, but its magnitude was much smaller than that in the case of other kinds of toxoid (e.g., tetanus toxoid).Anti-HR2 was invariably higher than 1 U/ml, being more than 5-10 U/ml in many vaccinees. However, the behavior after the booster injection was similar to that of anti-HR1.Side reaction was not a serious obstacle in continuing immunization. The volunteers amounted to 8,206, but general reactions were rare, if any. However, allergic reactions of the vaccinees should carefully be checked, since repeated booster immunization may be necessary to maintain immunity.

show abstract

Active Immunization of Man With Toxoid of Habu (Trimeresurus Flavoviridis) Venom

Cited by 13 publications

References 10 publications

Cellular Immunity in Mice Vaccinated with Recombinant Phospholipase D Toxoid of Hemiscorpius lepturus Scorpion

Cellular Immunity in Mice Vaccinated with Recombinant Phospholipase D Toxoid of Hemiscorpius lepturus Scorpion

Immunimmunogenicity of Purified Habu Snake-Venom Toxoid in Guinea Pigs and Monkeys With Special Reference to Hr1 Component

Immune Response of Man to Habu-Venom Toxoid

Contact Info

Product

Resources

About