“…In other countries, the emphasis is mainly on policies aimed at increasing the employability of the unemployed (these are primarily various retraining programs). Many studies analyse the approaches and efficiency of active (Goulas & Zervoyianni, 2018;Vishnevskaya, 2019;Vooren et al, 2019;Sahnoun & Abdennadher, 2018) and passive (Taracha & Mirowski, 2022;Sahnoun & Abdennadher, 2021;Ductor & Grechyna, 2020) labour market policies in multiple countries, including Western European countries (Kantová & Arltová, 2020;Orton & Green, 2019;Wapler et al, 2018;Karasova et al, 2019).…”