Active Metamaterial Antenna With Beam Scanning Manipulation Based on a Digitally Modulated Array Factor Method

Luo, Yong; Qin, Kewei; Ke, Hao; Xu, Bin; Xu, Shugong

doi:10.1109/tap.2020.3010941

Cited by 16 publications

(12 citation statements)

References 38 publications

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“…Moreover, by imposing the time modulation, the phase constant of each unit cell, i.e., β, changes with time in a periodic manner. By incorporating the array factor approach [46], in the transmit mode, the radiation pattern of a ST-MTM leaky wave antenna with digital coding can be expressed as:…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Programming nonreciprocity and harmonic beam steering via a digitally space-time-coded metamaterial antenna

Vosoughitabar¹,

Wu²

2023

Preprint

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Recent advancement in digital coding metasurfaces incorporating spatial and temporal modulation has enabled simultaneous control of electromagnetic (EM) waves in both space and frequency domains by manipulating incident EM waves in a transmissive or reflective fashion, resulting in time-reversal asymmetry. Here we show in theory and experiment that a digitally space-time-coded metamaterial (MTM) antenna with spatiotemporal modulation at its unit cell level can be regarded as a radiating counterpart of such digital metasurface, which will enable nonreciprocal EM wave transmission and reception via surface-to-leaky-wave transformation and harmonic frequency generation. Operating in the fast wave (radiation) region, the space-time-coded MTM antenna is tailored in a way such that the propagation constant of each programmable unit cell embedded with varactor diodes can toggle between positive and negative phases, which is done through providing digital sequences by using a field-programmable gate array (FPGA). Owing to the time-varying coding sequence, harmonic frequencies are generated with different main beam directions. Furthermore, the space time modulation of the digitally coded MTM antenna allows for nonreciprocal transmission and reception of EM waves by breaking the time-reversal symmetry, which may enable many applications, such as simultaneous transmit and receive, unidirectional transmission, radar sensing, and multiple-input and multiple-output (MIMO) beamformer.

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Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Programming nonreciprocity and harmonic beam steering via a digitally space-time-coded metamaterial antenna

Vosoughitabar¹,

Wu²

2023

Preprint

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“…On the other hand, with p-i-n diode states switching, the phase constant β of the metamaterial antenna can switch from β 0 to β 1 . By controlling the phase constant β, the metamaterial antenna array can achieve beam-scanning from −30 • to 30 • [22]. For frequency selective surface (FSS) design, a reconfigurable FSS structure is divided into four equal sections.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

A 2 Bit Reconfigurable Beam-steering Antenna Array Using Phase Compensation

Tian¹,

Song²

2022

PIER C

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A 2 bit reconfigurable beam-steering antenna array using phase compensation is proposed, which consists of a 1 bit reconfigurable antenna and 90 • digital phase shifter. The p-i-n diodes are soldered in the 2 bit element to realize 2 bit phase shift. Due to the 2 bit phase quantization error, a fixed compensation phase is added to each array element to reduce sidelobe level. A 2 bit reconfigurable antenna array with 1 × 8 elements shows that the sidelobe levels of the scanning-beams are less than −6.2 dB. At the same time, simulated results also show that the antenna can steer beam direction from −48 • to 50 • , and the beam gain fluctuation is less than 2.2 dB. A prototype is fabricated and tested. The proposed antenna can provide a novel idea to design a 2 bit reconfigurable beam-steering antenna array with a better beam-scanning performance in various applications.

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“…This LWA solution is considerably low cost with respect to conventional phased arrays and can substantially reduce the design complexity and fabrication [30,31]. In order to operate MTM-LWAs at a fixed frequency, tuning elements such as PIN or varactor diodes can be incorporated into the MTM unit cell to manipulate the dispersion diagram by controlling the bias voltage of tunable components [32,33,34]. Based on this concept, very recently, dynamic metasurface antennas have been proposed for multi-input multi-output (MIMO) systems [35,36] that modulates the MTM unit cell spatially to provide required beamforming characteristics.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…We focus on the case where orthogonal frequency-division multiplexing (OFDM) signals, which have widely been adopted in the modern wireless communication systems including 5G new radio (NR), are being transmitted, leading to a multicarrier DM scheme. Our proposed scheme bridges the concepts of reconfigurable MTM antennas [32,33,34] and time-modulated arrays [6,7,9] towards achieving DM for PHY security. In the remainder, we first present our theoretical derivations concerning the received signal from time-modulated MTM-LWAs in a given direction for both one and two dimensional spaces using the Fourier analysis.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Space-Time Digitally-Coded Metamaterial Antenna Enabled Directional Modulation for Physical Layer Security

Nooraiepour¹,

Vosoughitabar²,

Wu³

et al. 2022

Preprint

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Developing low-cost and scalable security solutions is vital to the advent of future large-scale wireless networks. Traditional cryptographic methods fail to meet the low-latency and scalability requirements of these networks due to their computational and key management complexity. On the other hand, physical layer (PHY) security has been put forth as a cost-effective alternative to cryptographic mechanisms that can circumvent the need for explicit key exchange between communication devices, owing to the fact that PHY security relies on the physics of the signal transmission for providing security. In this work, we propose a space-time-modulated digitally-coded metamaterial (MTM) leaky wave antenna (LWA) that can enable PHY security by achieving the functionalities of directional modulation (DM). From the theoretical perspective, we first show how the proposed space-time MTM antenna architecture can achieve DM through both the spatial and spectral manipulation of the orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (OFDM) signal received by a user equipment (UE). Simulation results are then provided as proof-of-principle, demonstrating the applicability of our approach for achieving DM in various communication settings. To further validate our simulation results, we realize a prototype of the proposed architecture controlled by a field-programmable gate array (FPGA), which achieves DM via an optimized coding sequence carried out by the branch-and-bound algorithm corresponding to the states of the MTM LWA's unit cells. Experimental results confirm the theory behind the space-time-modulated MTM LWA in achieving DM, which is observed via both the spectral harmonic patterns and bit error rate (BER) measurements.

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Active Metamaterial Antenna With Beam Scanning Manipulation Based on a Digitally Modulated Array Factor Method

Cited by 16 publications

References 38 publications

Programming nonreciprocity and harmonic beam steering via a digitally space-time-coded metamaterial antenna

Programming nonreciprocity and harmonic beam steering via a digitally space-time-coded metamaterial antenna

A 2 Bit Reconfigurable Beam-steering Antenna Array Using Phase Compensation

Space-Time Digitally-Coded Metamaterial Antenna Enabled Directional Modulation for Physical Layer Security

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