“…It has been defined as the ability of a city to attract and retain investment, resources, people and skills over time (Martin and Simmie, 2008; Pike et al , 2016; Ni et al , 2019; Carpentieri, 2020), becoming, over the past decades, a topic of intense debate and renewed interest in the study of urban development and place management (Camagni, 1999; Kresl and Ietri, 2014; Esmaeilpoorarabi et al , 2016; Camagni et al , 2017; Blakely et al , 2019; Ni et al , 2021). On the one hand, beyond urban economic growth, contemporary approaches to urban competitiveness see it as closely related to a city’s ability to provide high levels of quality of life, social inclusion, equitable access to goods and services, image distinctiveness and place-based economic development (Carvalho et al , 2017; McCann, 2004; Balsas, 2020; Gargiulo and Sgambati, 2022; Sun and Yang, 2022) and hence a close theoretical and empirical connection emerged between urban competitiveness and place management studies (Kavaratzis and Ashworth, 2008; Halme, 2017; Jawahar and Muhammed M.K., 2022). On the other hand, it has been argued that urban competitiveness has variegated forms and should therefore be studied in context (Gargiulo and Papa, 2021; Malecki, 2002; Sgambati et al , 2022), both in relation to wider geographical scales and taking into consideration intra-metropolitan settings (Shen, 2007; Bruneckiene et al , 2012).…”