Active pixel sensor array as a detector for electron microscopy

Applications of direct detection device in transmission electron microscopy

“…The high sensitivity feature of the DDD was not emphasized in this paper, but it would make DDD suitable for many low-dose imaging applications such as cryo-EM and cryo-electron tomography (Milazzo, et al, 2005.…”

“…In the recent years, we have developed a custom CMOS detector, based on the Active Pixel Sensor technology (Milazzo, et al, 2005, Xuong, et al, 2004). The prototype Direct Detection Device (DDD) with 512 x 550 pixels and 5 μm pixel pitch was extensively tested and proven to be radiation tolerant for an accumulated dose of >3.3 x 10 6 electrons/pixel, enough for several months of low-dose image acquisition .…”

R&D paths of pixel detectors for vertex tracking and radiation imaging

“…The radiation levels for the inner layers of ATLAS, CMS and LHCb upgrades with neutron equivalent fluences beyond 10 16 n cm −2 , or an ionising dose of 1 GRad, significantly degrade traditional sensors of several hundreds µm thickness and require novel approaches. In the case of ALICE, with doses of few 10 13 n cm −2 and ∼700 kRad, the limitation comes from the safe operation of LHC.…”

“…In TEM, replacing phosphorcoupled CCDs with direct detection on CMOS sensor is the latest trend in imaging [10,44,11], to decrease the PSF and enhance the detection quantum efficiency and imaging contrast ratio. Multiple scattering in the sensor is a major limitation, since the typical electron energy is in the range 60 -300 keV.…”

“…There is a broad spectrum of other applications of semiconductor pixel technologies developed towards the specifications of these experiments. Their number and diversity is growing, as new facilities put emphasis on specs, such as frame rate, radiation tolerance and space-time resolution, which are the primary focus of the HEP-driven R&D. Examples of the fields where pixels developed from results of R&D for collider experiments include imaging at light sources [2][3][4] and free electron lasers (FEL) [5], including hybrid [6] and DEPFET [7] technologies, transmission electron microscopy (TEM), with hybrid [8,9] and monolithic sensors [10,11], plasma diagnostics, biological imaging [12], auto-radiography, with hybrid and monolithic CMOS [13] and DEPFET [14] pixels, fluorescence microscopy, with monolithic pixels [15], and medical imaging, with hybrid pixels [16], beam monitoring and diagnostics for future accelerators, ion-beam analysis [17] and real-time dose delivery assessment and quality assurance in hadron therapy [18,19]. There are also examples of returns of these developments to the benefit of HEP applications, as discussed in section 5.…”