Active Recovery Reduces the Decrease in Circulating White Blood Cells after Exercise

Wigernæs, Ine; Høstmark, Arne T.; Kierulf, Peter; Strømme, S. B.

doi:10.1055/s-2000-8478

Cited by 18 publications

(12 citation statements)

References 12 publications

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“…Nevertheless, two previous studies give the first hint that the mode of recovery can have a decisive influence on the hematological response as it was demonstrated that 15 min of active recovery after 60 min of running counteracts the post-exercise drop in leukocytes compared to passive recovery [22,23]. In previous investigations [20,21], we have shown that the exercise-induced metabolic and hormonal responses are different between A-and P-recovery.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 75%

Acute Impact of Recovery on the Restoration of Cellular Immunological Homeostasis

et al. 2019

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In view of the growing amount of (intense) training in competitive sports, quick recovery plays a superior role in performance restoration. The aim of the present study was to compare the effects of active versus passive recovery during high-intensity interval training (HIIT) and sprint interval training (SIT) protocols on acute alterations of circulating blood cells. Twelve male triathletes/cyclists performed 1) a HIIT consisting of 4×4 min intervals, 2) a SIT consisting of 4×30s intervals, separated by either active or passive recovery. Blood samples were collected immediately before and at 0’, 30’, 60’ and 180’ (minutes) post-exercise. Outcomes comprised leukocytes, lymphocytes, neutrophils, mixed cell count, platelets, cellular inflammation markers (neutrophil/lymphocyte-ratio (NLR), platelet/lymphocyte-ratio (PLR)), and the systemic immune-inflammation index (SII). In view of HIIT, passive recovery attenuated the changes in lymphocytes and neutrophils compared to active recovery. In view of SIT, active recovery attenuated the increase in leukocytes, lymphocytes and absolute mixed cell count compared to passive recovery. Both protocols, independent of recovery, significantly increased NLR, PLR and SII up to 3h of recovery compared to pre-exercise values. The mode of recovery influences short-term alterations in the circulating fraction of leukocytes, lymphocytes, neutrophils and the mixed cell count, which might be associated with different hormonal and metabolic stress responses due to the mode of recovery.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 75%

Acute Impact of Recovery on the Restoration of Cellular Immunological Homeostasis

et al. 2019

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“…While these findings are consistent with the vast exercise immunology literature, we have advanced understanding in this area by studying the effect of recovery interventions on immune activation. In our study, total leukocyte counts during active (10 minutes of cycling at 46,47 and the current study is likely due to the nature of the exercise task. Our findings are consistent with those of Jansky et al, 16 however, who found that a single cold-water immersion (14°C for 1 hour) created a small but significant increase in monocytes and lymphocytes.…”

Section: Immune Markersmentioning

confidence: 96%

“…The major limitation of the available studies is the lack of insight into mechanisms behind potential performance benefits or detriments to the use In the 15-to 60-minute period following exercise, lymphocyte counts tend to drop below resting values. 27 Wigernaes et al 46,47 found that active recovery (15 minutes at 50% VO 2peak ), as opposed to rest, prevented the initial fall in lymphocyte count after strenuous endurance exercise. Other recovery interventions, such as cryotherapy, may also influence immune system activation.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Effects of Recovery Method After Exercise on Performance, Immune Changes, and Psychological Outcomes

Stacey

Gibala²,

Ginis³

et al. 2010

Journal of Orthopaedic & Sports Physical Therapy

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A widespread belief among many coaches and athletes is that relatively large volumes of intense training must be performed to maximize gains in pera common training model used by coaches and athletes is based on the "overload principle" or "physical stress theory." 14 An essential component of the model is that high-intensity physical exercise creates a disturbance in cellular homeostasis. This disturbance then acts as a stimulus that initiates physiological responses to restore homeostasis and induce training adaptations. 14 t stUDY DesiGn: Randomized controlled trial using a repeated-measures design.t obJeCtiVes: To examine the effects of commonly used recovery interventions on time trial performance, immune changes, and psychological outcomes.t baCKGroUnD: The use of cryotherapy is popular among athletes, but few studies have simultaneously examined physiological and psychological responses to different recovery strategies.t MethoDs: Nine active men performed 3 trials, consisting of three 50-kJ "all out" cycling bouts, with 20 minutes of recovery after each bout. In a randomized order, different recovery interventions were applied after each ride for a given visit: rest, active recovery (cycling at 50 W), or cryotherapy (cold tub with water at 10°C). Blood samples obtained during each session were analyzed for lactate, IL-6, total leukocyte, neutrophil, and lymphocyte cell counts. Self-assessments of pain, perceived exertion, and lower extremity sensations were also completed.t resUlts: Time trial performance averaged 118  10 seconds (mean  SEM) for bout 1 and was 8% and 14% slower during bouts 2 (128  11 seconds) and 3 (134  11 seconds), respectively, with no difference between interventions (time effect, P.05). Recovery intervention did not influence lactate or IL-6, although greater mobilization of total leukocytes and neutrophils was observed with cryotherapy. Lymphopenia during recovery was greater with cryotherapy. Participants reported that their lower extremities felt better after cryotherapy (mean  SEM, 6.0  0.7 out of 10) versus active recovery (4.8  0.9) or rest (2.8  0.6) (trial effect, P.05).t ConClUsion: Common recovery interventions did not influence performance, although cryotherapy created greater immune cell perturbation and the perception that the participants' lower extremities felt better.t leVel oF eViDenCe: Performance enhancement, level 2b.

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“…Moreover, we recently observed that AR counteracts the post-exercise drop in total WBCC as compared with RR (Wigernñs et al 2000a). Therefore, we now also measure the levels of neutrophil granulocytes, lymphocytes and monocytes as well as the total WBCC.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 95%

Active recovery and post-exercise white blood cell count, free fatty acids, and hormones in endurance athletes

et al. 2001

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Strenuous endurance exercise in fasted subjects is accompanied by increased plasma levels of catecholamines, leucocytosis, low insulin, and elevated plasma free fatty acids (FFA). Immediately after such exercise, plasma FFA may rise to high and potentially harmful levels, whereas the white blood cell count (WBCC) rapidly decreases towards or below baseline values. The present work investigated how active recovery (AR) for 15 min at 50% of maximal oxygen consumption (VO2max), after 60 min of uphill running at 83% of VO2max, influenced plasma FFA, lymphocyte, neutrophil, granulocyte, and monocyte count, as well as adrenaline, noradrenaline, insulin and cortisol concentrations until 120 min post-exercise. Thirteen endurance athletes participated in the study [24.2 (3.7) years, 1.82 (0.06) m, 76.7 (7.9) kg and VO2max 69.2 (6.8) ml min-1 kg-1]. In a randomized order, the subjects completed two sets of strenuous workouts, followed by either AR or complete rest in the supine position (RR). Compared with RR, AR strongly counteracted the rapid increase in plasma FFA 5 min post-exercise. The decreases in neutrophil and monocyte counts post-exercise were nullified by AR, and the cell count stayed above resting values throughout the observation period. AR also counteracted the rapid return of hormone concentration towards baseline levels. It would appear that active recovery at low intensity after strenuous exercise can maintain sufficient adrenergic activation to counteract the post-exercise drop in WBCC. However, in spite of keeping the catecholamine concentration high and insulin levels low, AR can also maintain a low plasma FFA concentration, probably because of the continued use of FFA in muscle. It remains to be elucidated whether the observed high FFA and low WBCC values after RR have a negative effect on health. If so, AR could be a preventive measure.

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Active Recovery Reduces the Decrease in Circulating White Blood Cells after Exercise

Cited by 18 publications

References 12 publications

Acute Impact of Recovery on the Restoration of Cellular Immunological Homeostasis

Acute Impact of Recovery on the Restoration of Cellular Immunological Homeostasis

Effects of Recovery Method After Exercise on Performance, Immune Changes, and Psychological Outcomes

Active recovery and post-exercise white blood cell count, free fatty acids, and hormones in endurance athletes

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