Active-Scanned Protons and Carbon Ions in Cancer Treatment of Patients With Cardiac Implantable Electronic Devices: Experience of a Single Institution

Abstract

Background: Ionizing radiation was shown to be able to influence the function of cardiac implantable electronic devices (CIED's) leading to malfunctions with potentially severe consequences. Those effects presumably correlate with beam energy and neutron production. Thus, particle facilities are commonly cautious to treat patients with CIED's with particles, but substantial evidence is lacking. Methods and Materials: In total 31 patients were investigated, who have been treated at the Heidelberg Ion-Beam Therapy Center (HIT) from September 2012 to February 2019 with protons and carbon ions in active-scanning technique. All CIED's were checked after every single irradiation by the department of cardiology. The minimum distance between the CIED and the planning target volume (PTV), the 10% isodose and the single beam in Beam's Eye View (BEV) was analyzed for 12 patients. Results: In total, 31 patients received 32 courses of radiotherapy (RT). Twenty-two received treatment with carbon ion beam and ten with proton beam. The cumulative number of fractions was 582, the cumulative number of documented controls after RT was 504 (87%). Three patients had an implantable cardioverter-defibrillator (ICD) and 28 patients had a pacemaker at the time of treatment. Seven patients had a heart rate of ≤30/min. The majority of patients (69%) were treated for tumors of the head and neck. The median minimum distance between CIED and PTV, 10% isodose and the single beam on BEV was 13.4, 11.6, and 8.3 cm, respectively. There were no registered events associated with the treatment in this evaluation. Conclusion: Treatment of CIED-patients with protons and carbon ions applied with active raster scanning technique was safe without any incidents in our single center experience. Monitoring after almost every fraction provided systematic and extensive data. Further investigations are necessary in order to form reliable guidelines, which should consider different modes of beam application, as active scanning supposedly provides a greater level of safety from malfunctions for patients with CIED undergoing particle irradiation.

Particle therapy using protons or carbon ions for cancer patients with cardiac implantable electronic devices (CIED): a retrospective multi-institutional study

“…It has been suggested that scanning particle beam therapy can reduce the secondary neutron volume dramatically [16,17,20,26]. Seidansaal et al have reported that there were no device malfunctions among 32 patients (10 PBT and 22 CIT) with CIED in their investigation [27]. Yonai et al have suggested that the neutron dose will be reduced with an order of magnitude with active scanning PBT and CIT [17,20].…”

Recommendations regarding cardiac stereotactic body radiotherapy for treatment refractory ventricular tachycardia

“…The use of photon energies above 6 MV and the consequent neutron contamination are well studied risk factors for device malfunction 24,25 . Limited data are available on malfunctions during proton and carbon ion therapy 26,27 . In fact, the first use of proton therapy in a patient with ventricular tachycardia at the Centro Nazionale di Adroterapia Oncologica in Pavia/Italy was reported recently 28 .…”

The role of combined ion-beam radiotherapy (CIBRT) with protons and carbon ions in a multimodal treatment strategy of inoperable osteosarcoma

“…promising as both have steeper dose gradients and, in the case of heavy ions, a higher biological effectiveness [5][6][7]. With this study we developed a protocol for definitive combined proton and carbon ion radiotherapy for patients with non-resectable osteosarcoma, whose systemic disease is targeted by standard chemotherapy such as that of the EURAMOS1 (European American Osteosarcoma Study) or the COSS96 (Cooperative Osteosarcoma Study group) protocols.…”