Active Smoking, Household Passive Smoking, and Breast Cancer: Evidence From the California Teachers Study

Reynolds, Peggy; Hurley, Susan; Anton‐Culver, Hoda; Bernstein, Leslie; Deapen, Dennis; Horn‐Ross, Pamela L.; Peel, David; Pinder, Richard; Ross, Ronald K.; West, Dee W.; Wright, William E.; Ziogas, Argyrios

doi:10.1093/jnci/djh002

Cited by 184 publications

(242 citation statements)

References 57 publications

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“…If smoking prior to first birth is strongly associated with survival, then we may have missed an important association. However, two prospective studies of incident cases only did not find an association (Egan et al, 2002;Reynolds et al, 2004), and when we restricted our analyses to incident cases only, although imprecise there was no evidence of an association. Breast cancer cases were not confirmed histologically and selfreported breast cancer may be inaccurate.…”

Section: Study Limitationsmentioning

confidence: 79%

“…(Adami et al, 1988;Hunter et al, 1997;Lash and Aschengrau, 1999;Innes and Byers, 2001;Egan et al, 2002;Band et al, 2002;Lash and Aschengrau, 2002;Kropp and Chang-Claude, 2002;Fink and Lash, 2003;Reynolds et al, 2004) The pooled analysis for these 11 studies, together with the study presented here, included 6528 breast cancer cases and provided an odds ratio (95% CI) of 1.07 (0.94, 1.22) (Figure 1). The pooled estimates from differing sensitivity analyses to assess the effect of different exposure measures did not differ substantively from this estimate (all odds ratios for these analyses were between 1.05 and 1.08).…”

Section: Meta-analysismentioning

confidence: 96%

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Smoking before the birth of a first child is not associated with increased risk of breast cancer: findings from the British Women's Heart and Health Cohort Study and a meta-analysis

2004

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It has been suggested that the period between puberty and first birth is a time when the breast is particularly susceptible to carcinogenic effects. In a cohort of 3047 women aged 60 -79 years (N ¼ 139 breast cancer cases), we found no association between smoking before the birth of a first child and breast cancer risk: fully adjusted (for age, number of children, age at birth of first child, age at menarche, age at menopausal, hysterectomy and/or oophorectomy, ever use of oral contraception, use of hormone replacement therapy, alcohol consumption, body mass index, childhood and adulthood social class) odds ratio 1.06 (95% confidence interval: 0.72, 1.56). The pooled estimate from a meta-analysis of our study and 11 previously published studies (N ¼ 6528 cases) was 1.07 (0.94, 1.22). We conclude that smoking prior to the birth of a first child is not associated with increased risk of breast cancer.

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Section: Study Limitationsmentioning

confidence: 79%

Section: Meta-analysismentioning

confidence: 96%

Smoking before the birth of a first child is not associated with increased risk of breast cancer: findings from the British Women's Heart and Health Cohort Study and a meta-analysis

2004

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“…2000; Kropp and Chang-Claude, 2002) and others showed no effect (Wartenberg et al, 2000;Nishino et al, 2001;Egan et al, 2002;Lash and Aschengrau, 2002;Gammon et al, 2004;Reynolds et al, 2004;Shrubsole et al, 2004;Bonner et al, 2005;Hanaoka et al, 2005;Lissowska et al, 2006). Recent reviews of the literature have also been inconsistent with two showing that there was an association between passive smoking and breast cancer (Johnson, 2005;Miller et al, 2007) and a further two suggesting that more evidence is needed before any conclusions can be drawn (IARC, 2004;US Surgeon General, 2006).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…However, only about half of the published studies provided results stratified by menopausal status (Wells, 1991;Millikan et al, 1998;Delfino et al, 2000;Johnson et al, 2000;Gammon et al, 2004;Reynolds et al, 2004;Shrubsole et al, 2004;Bonner et al, 2005;Hanaoka et al, 2005;Lissowska et al, 2006) and therefore the possibility of publication bias cannot be ruled out. The current study adds to the totality of the evidence suggesting that exposure to passive smoking in the home is not associated with an increase in the risk of breast cancer, and does not support the view that there is an increased risk in premenopausal women.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Active and passive smoking and the risk of breast cancer in women aged 36–45 years: a population based case–control study in the UK

et al. 2007

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Active smoking has little or no effect on breast cancer risk but some investigators have suggested that passive smoking and its interaction with active smoking may be associated with an increased risk. In a population based case -control study of breast cancer in women aged 36 -45 years at diagnosis, information on active smoking, passive smoking in the home, and other factors, was collected at interview from 639 cases and 640 controls. Women were categorised jointly by their active and passive smoking exposure. Among never smoking controls, women who also reported no passive smoking exposure were significantly more likely to be nulliparous and to be recent users of oral contraceptives. Among those never exposed to passive smoking, there was no significant association between active smoking and breast cancer, relative risk (RR) of 1.12 (95% confidence interval (CI) 0.72 -1.73) for past smokers and RR of 1.19 (95% CI 0.72 -1.95) for current smokers, nor was there an association with age started, duration or intensity of active smoking. Compared with women who were never active nor passive smokers, there was no significant association between passive smoking in the home and breast cancer risk in never smokers, RR of 0.89 (95% CI 0.64 -1.25), in past smokers, RR of 1.09 (95% CI 0.75 -1.56), or in current smokers, RR of 0.93 (95% CI 0.67 -1.30). There was no trend with increasing duration of passive smoking and there was no heterogeneity among any of the subgroups examined. In this study, there was no evidence of an association between either active smoking or passive smoking in the home and risk of breast cancer.

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“…There are also reports suggesting that cigarette smoking has little or no independent effect on breast cancer risk (Baron, 1984;London et al, 1989;Baron et al, 1996). Furthermore, a meta analysis of 53 epidemiological studies suggested a little or no independent effect of smoking on the risk of developing breast cancer (Hamajima et al, 2002), but the recent California Teachers Study has provided evidence that active, but not passive smoking increases breast cancer risk (Reynolds et al, 2004).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Cigarette smoke condensate-induced level of adenomatous polyposis coli blocks long-patch base excision repair in breast epithelial cells

et al. 2006

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Our previous studies have shown that treatment with cigarette smoke condensate (CSC) transforms normal breast epithelial cell line, MCF-10A. In the present study, the mechanism of CSC-induced transformation of breast epithelial cells was examined. We first determined whether benzo[a]pyrene (B[a]P)-and CSC-induced levels of APC are capable of inhibiting long-patch base excision repair (LP-BER) since our earlier studies had shown that an interaction of APC with DNA polymerase b (pol-b) blocks strand-displacement synthesis. With the use of a novel in vivo LP-BER assay, it was demonstrated that increased and decreased APC levels in different breast cancer cell lines were associated with a decrease or increase in LP-BER activity, respectively. The effect of APC on LP-BER in malignant and pre-malignant breast epithelial cell lines was produced by either overexpression or knockdown of APC. Furthermore, it was shown that the decreased LP-BER in B[a]P-or CSC-treated premalignant breast epithelial cells is associated with an increased level of APC and decreased cell growth. Our results suggest that the decreased growth allows cells to repair the damaged DNA before mitosis, and failure to repair damaged DNA has the potential to transform premalignant breast epithelial cells.

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Active Smoking, Household Passive Smoking, and Breast Cancer: Evidence From the California Teachers Study

Abstract: Our study provides evidence that active smoking may play a role in breast cancer etiology and suggests that further research into the connection is warranted, especially with respect to genetic susceptibilities.

Cited by 184 publications

References 57 publications

Smoking before the birth of a first child is not associated with increased risk of breast cancer: findings from the British Women's Heart and Health Cohort Study and a meta-analysis

Smoking before the birth of a first child is not associated with increased risk of breast cancer: findings from the British Women's Heart and Health Cohort Study and a meta-analysis

Active and passive smoking and the risk of breast cancer in women aged 36–45 years: a population based case–control study in the UK

Cigarette smoke condensate-induced level of adenomatous polyposis coli blocks long-patch base excision repair in breast epithelial cells

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