Active-transport walking behavior: destinations, durations, distances

Millward, Hugh; Spinney, Jamie; Scott, Darren M.

doi:10.1016/j.jtrangeo.2012.11.012

Cited by 246 publications

(152 citation statements)

References 66 publications

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“…The current recommended distance between residence and the nearest open public space is 300m (Expert group on the urban environment 2001). This recommendation might be supported by the fact that 300-400m is the threshold after which use of green spaces starts to quickly decline (Annerstedt et al 2012), although some studies suggest that people are willing to walk even longer distances to access green areas (Millward et al 2013;. More studies are needed to evaluate the beneficial effects of access to green spaces and the relevant distance or distances that provide such benefits.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Residential green spaces and mortality: A systematic review

Gascón

Triguero-Mas

Martínez

et al. 2016

Environment International

646

338

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Background: A number of studies have associated natural outdoor environments with reduced mortality but there is no systematic review synthesizing the evidence. Objectives:We aimed to systematically review the available evidence on the association between long-term exposure to residential green and blue spaces and mortality in adults, and make recommendations for further research. As a secondary aim, we also conducted meta-analyses to explore the magnitude of and heterogeneity in the risk estimates.Methods: Following the PRISMA statement guidelines for reporting systematic reviews and meta-analysis, two independent reviewers searched studies using keywords related to natural outdoor environments and mortality.Discussion: Our review identified twelve eligible studies conducted in North America, Europe, and Oceania with study populations ranging from 1645 up to more than 43 million individuals. These studies are heterogeneous in design, study population, green space assessment and covariate data. We found that the majority of studies show a reduction of the risk of cardiovascular disease (CVD) mortality in areas with higher residential greenness. Evidence of a reduction of all-cause mortality is more limited, and no benefits of residential greenness on lung cancer mortality are observed. There were no studies on blue spaces. Conclusions:This review supports the hypothesis that living in areas with higher amounts of green spaces reduces mortality, mainly CVD. Further studies such as cohort studies with more and better covariate data, improved green space assessment and accounting well for socioeconomic status are needed to provide further and more complete evidence, as well as studies evaluating the benefits of blue spaces.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Residential green spaces and mortality: A systematic review

Gascón

Triguero-Mas

Martínez

et al. 2016

Environment International

646

338

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“…The smoothing function (1) has been applied to describe how far population travels to reach destinations for recreation. Surveys indicate that travelled distance can be modelled using (1), in fact the highest percentage of trips is done in the vicinity of travel origin (Millward et al, 2013;Kienast et al, 2012, Yang andDiez-Roux, 2012). The function assumes that the average citizen has higher probabilities to travel to sites that are closer compared to those that are farther away.…”

Section: Recreation As An Ecosystem Service To European Citizensmentioning

confidence: 99%

Mapping cultural ecosystem services: A framework to assess the potential for outdoor recreation across the EU

Paracchini

Zulian

Kopperoinen

et al. 2014

Ecological Indicators

418

200

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. 2014. Mapping cultural ecosystem services: a framework to assess the potential for outdoor recreation across the EU.Contact CEH NORA team at noraceh@ceh.ac.ukThe NERC and CEH trademarks and logos ('the Trademarks') are registered trademarks of NERC in the UK and other countries, and may not be used without the prior written consent of the Trademark owner. Elsevier Editorial System(tm) for Ecological Indicators Manuscript DraftManuscript Number: Abstract: The publication of the EU Biodiversity Strategy to 2020 requires a substantial effort in terms of operationalizing the ecosystem service concept. Target 2 of the Strategy in fact advocates that ecosystems and their services have to be "maintained and enhanced" in the current decade. This necessitates the development of methods to map and assess ecosystem services at regional and Country level, which is recognized under Action 5 of the strategy.Research on ecosystem services mapping and valuing has boosted in recent years, nevertheless compared to other groups (provisioning, regulating) cultural ecosystem services are not yet fully integrated into operational frameworks. One reason is the transdisciplinarity which is required to address the issue: by their own definition cultural services (which encompass physical, intellectual, spiritual interactions with biota) need to be analysed from multiple perspectives (i.e. ecological, social, behavioural). A second reason is most likely the lack of data for large-scale assessments, being direct surveys a main source of information. Among cultural ecosystem services, assessment of outdoor recreation can be based on a large pool of literature developed mostly in social and medical science, and landscape and ecology studies. This paper presents a methodology to include recreation in the conceptual framework for EU wide ecosystem assessments (Maes et al., 2013), which couples existing approaches for recreation management at Country level with behavioural data derived from surveys and literature, and population distribution analysis. The result is a frame that can be applied to quantify the capacity of outdoor recreation as ecosystem service to citizens in the EU, and describe through Country profiles differences in provision, as input to land planning processes.Dear Editor, we are pleased to submit a contribution to Ecological Indicators. The manuscript is entitled Mapping cultural ecosystem services: the case of outdoor recreation. This is an original contribution to the scientific literature and its submission is supported by all the authors. The paper contains new material which is not considered elsewhere for review or publication.Our paper proposes a methodology to include outdoor recreation in the Mapping and Assessment of Ecosystem Services (MAES) framework (http://ec.europa.eu/environment/nature/knowledge/ecosystem_assessment/pdf/MAESWorkingPaper201 3.pdf), in support of the EU Biodiversity Strategy to 2020. More in general, we believe the paper indicates a viable path to include a cultural ecosystem service in EU...

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“…Most people are willing to cross 500 metres to a store or the station of public transportation. There are a number of literature references on the issue of optimal walking distances [9]. There is one that talks about walking radius around stations of public transport as part of the transit-oriented development (TOD) design; there are sources in literature that talk about the health benefits of walking and the one that covers the optimal distance of permanent post offices based on the standards of some countries if compared to movement on foot.…”

Section: New Model For Determining the Number Of Permanent Postal Unimentioning

confidence: 99%