Actividad histórica y análisis de la amenaza del volcán Turrialba, Costa Rica

González, Gino; Mora‐Amador, Raúl; Ramírez, Carlos; Rouwet, Dmitri; Picado, Cristian; Mora, Raúl Alberto

doi:10.15517/rgac.v0i52.19033

Cited by 9 publications

(25 citation statements)

References 13 publications

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“…This was clearly visible during the increased activity at Turrialba volcano (Section "Turrialba, Costa Rica (2001-2016)", Fig. 5a, b; González et al 2015) and downwind Poás' western flank (Cerro Pelón, Fig. 5c).…”

Section: Gas Impact and Acid Rainmentioning

confidence: 91%

Fluid Geochemistry and Volcanic Unrest: Dissolving the Haze in Time and Space

Rouwet

Hidalgo

Joseph

et al. 2017

Advances in Volcanology

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The heat and gas released by a degassing magma affects the overlying predominantly meteoric aquifers to form magmatic-hydrothermal systems inside the solid body of a volcano. This chapter reviews how fluid geochemical signals help to track the evolution throughout the various stages of volcanic unrest. A direct view into a degassing magma is possible at open-conduit degassing volcanoes. Nevertheless, in most cases gas is trapped (i.e. scrubbed) by abundant water, leading to the loss of the pure signal the magma ideally provides. Deciphering how magmatic gas rises through, reacts, and re-equilibrates with the liquids in the magmatic-hydrothermal system in time and space is the only way to trace back to the pure signal. The most indicative magmatic gas species (CO 2 , SO 2 -H 2 S, HCl and HF) are released as a function of their solubility in magma. The less soluble gas species are released early from a magma at higher pressure conditions (CO 2 ) (deeper), whereas the more soluble species are released later, at lower pressures (SO 2 , HCl and HF) (shallower depth). When these gases hit the water during their rise towards the surface, they will be more or less scrubbed. Depending on the chemical equilibria inside the magmatic-hydrothermal system (e.g. SO 2 -H 2 S conversion, acidity), the gas that eventually reaches the surface will carry the history of its rise from bottom to top. Tracking volcanic unrest implies a time frame; the kinetics of magma degassing throughout the liquid cocktail inside the volcano impose the maximum resolution the volcano provides and hence the monitoring time window to be adopted for each volcano. Gas-dominated systems are "faster" and require a higher monitoring frequency, water-dominated systems are slower and require a lower monitoring frequency. ResumenEl calor y gas liberados por la desgasificación del magma afecta los acuíferos de origen predominantemente meteórico para formar sistemas magmático-hidrotermales dentro el cuerpo sólido del volcán. Este capítulo revisa como la geoquímica de fluidos puede ayudar a trazar la evolución a través de las varias etapas de "unrest" volcánico. Una visión directa dentro de un magma en desgasificación es solo posible para volcanes de conducto abierto. Sin embargo, en la mayoría de las situaciones el gas queda atrapado (i.e. "scrubbing") en el agua, que conduce a la pérdida de la señal pura que el magma idealmente puede proporcionar. Descifrar como el magma sube a través de los líquidos, y reacciona y re-equilibra con ellos dentro el sistema magmático-hidrotermal, en un marco de tiempo y espacio, es la única manera para rastrear el origen de la señal del magma. La desgasificación de magma se da por cuatro procesos: (1) durante la subida de magma, (2) por la descompresión debido al eliminar una porción del edificio volcánico, (3) debido a la convección interna dentro la cámara magmática, o (4) después de "ebullición secundaria" siguiendo el enfriamiento y consecuente cristalización. Las especies gaseosas magmáti-cas más indicativas (CO 2 , ...

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Section: Gas Impact and Acid Rainmentioning

confidence: 91%

Fluid Geochemistry and Volcanic Unrest: Dissolving the Haze in Time and Space

Rouwet

Hidalgo

Joseph

et al. 2017

Advances in Volcanology

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“…2a), with Turrialba in an apparent "behind-the-arc" setting. Both volcanoes have been constructed during the Pleistocene through the alternation of lava flows and tephras of calcalkaline basalt-andesite to (minor) dacite composition (Di Piazza et al 2015), and have been characterized by frequent phases of phreatic to strombolian activity from the summit craters in historic ages to the present (Alvarado et al 2006(Alvarado et al , 2016; Alvarado and Schmincke 2013;Di Piazza et al 2015;González et al 2015;de Moor et al 2016;Rizzo et al 2017;Stix and de Moor 2018). A series of horseshoe-shaped escarpments are recognized around and between the two volcanoes, suggesting that sector collapses and edifice-failure have occurred recurrently in the past.…”

Section: Geotectonic Setting and Eruptive Historymentioning

confidence: 99%

“…4c). Liquid sulphur poured out from the Arbol Quemado fracture on 11-12 January 2012 (González et al 2015).…”

Section: Turrialbamentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The 29 October 2014-May 2015 period of major phreatic eruptions has caused a substantial enlargement of the 2012 vent area and the disappearance of the Arbol Quemado fracture along the eastern flank of Southwest crater, leading to formation of a new crater ( Fig. 4d) (Alpízar et al 2014;González et al 2015;Rouwet et al 2015). This phreatic phase culminated into clearly magmatic eruptions on 12 May 2016, with ash fallout in the metropolitan area, marking the start of nearly constant activity that has continued till the day of writing.…”

Section: Turrialbamentioning

confidence: 99%

“…In the extreme case it could trigger phreatic, or even high-VEI magmatic eruptions, due to the lithostatic depressurization of volcano flanks (Voight et al 1983). Moreover, when fluids are dispersed into the environment, they can affect agricultural activities and eventually cause health problems to the surrounding population (Parnell observed since two decades prior to the previous magmatic stage of 1864-1866(González et al 2015.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Response of a Hydrothermal System to Escalating Phreatic Unrest the Case of Turrialba and Irazú in Costa Rica (2007-2012)

Rouwet¹,

Mora‐Amador

Ramı́rez³

et al. 2021

Preprint

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This study presents the first hydrogeochemical model of the hydrothermal systems of Turrialba and Irazú volcanoes in central Costa Rica, manifested as thermal springs, summit crater lakes, and fumarolic degassing at both volcanoes. Our period of observations (2007-2012) coincides with the pre- and early syn-phreatic eruption stages of Turrialba volcano that resumed volcanic unrest since 2004, after almost 140 years of quiescence. Peculiarly, the generally stable Irazú crater lake dropped its level during this reawakening of Turrialba. The isotopic composition of discharged fluids reveals the Caribbean meteoric origin; a contribution of “andesitic water” for Turrialba fumaroles up to ~50% is suggested. Four groups of thermal springs drain the northern flanks of Turrialba and Irazú volcanoes into two main rivers. Río Sucio (i.e. “dirty river”) is a major rock remover on the North flank of Irazú, mainly fed by the San Cayetano spring group. Instead, one group of thermal springs discharges towards the south of Irazú. All thermal spring waters are of SO4-type (i.e. steam heated waters), although none of the springs has a common hydrothermal end-member. A water mass budget for thermal springs results in an estimated total output flux of 187 ± 37 L/s, with 100 ± 20 L/s accounted for by the San Cayetano springs. Thermal energy release is estimated at 110 ± 22 MW (83.9 ± 16.8 MW by San Cayetano), whereas the total rock mass removal rate by chemical leaching is ~3,000 m3/y (~2,400 m3/y by San Cayetano-Río Sucio). Despite Irazú being the currently less active volcano, it is a highly efficient rock remover, which, on the long term can have effects on the stability of the volcanic edifice with potentially hazardous consequences (e.g. flank collapse, phreatic eruptions). Moreover, the vapor output flux from the Turrialba fumaroles after the onset of phreatic eruptions on 5 January 2010 showed an increase of at least ~260 L/s above pre-eruptive background fumarolic vapor fluxes. This extra vapor loss implies that the drying of the summit hydrothermal system of Turrialba could tap deeper than previously thought, and could explain the coincidental disappearance of Irazú’s crater lake in April 2010.

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Turmoil at Turrialba Volcano (Costa Rica): Degassing and eruptive processes inferred from high‐frequency gas monitoring

et al. 2016

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Eruptive activity at Turrialba Volcano (Costa Rica) has escalated significantly since 2014, causing airport and school closures in the capital city of San José. Whether or not new magma is involved in the current unrest seems probable but remains a matter of debate as ash deposits are dominated by hydrothermal material. Here we use high‐frequency gas monitoring to track the behavior of the volcano between 2014 and 2015 and to decipher magmatic versus hydrothermal contributions to the eruptions. Pulses of deeply derived CO 2 ‐rich gas (CO 2 /S total > 4.5) precede explosive activity, providing a clear precursor to eruptive periods that occurs up to 2 weeks before eruptions, which are accompanied by shallowly derived sulfur‐rich magmatic gas emissions. Degassing modeling suggests that the deep magmatic reservoir is ~8–10 km deep, whereas the shallow magmatic gas source is at ~3–5 km. Two cycles of degassing and eruption are observed, each attributed to pulses of magma ascending through the deep reservoir to shallow crustal levels. The magmatic degassing signals were overprinted by a fluid contribution from the shallow hydrothermal system, modifying the gas compositions, contributing volatiles to the emissions, and reflecting complex processes of scrubbing, displacement, and volatilization. H 2 S/SO 2 varies over 2 orders of magnitude through the monitoring period and demonstrates that the first eruptive episode involved hydrothermal gases, whereas the second did not. Massive degassing (>3000 T/d SO 2 and H 2 S/SO 2 > 1) followed, suggesting boiling off of the hydrothermal system. The gas emissions show a remarkable shift to purely magmatic composition (H 2 S/SO 2 < 0.05) during the second eruptive period, reflecting the depletion of the hydrothermal system or the establishment of high‐temperature conduits bypassing remnant hydrothermal reservoirs, and the transition from phreatic to phreatomagmatic eruptive activity.

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Actividad histórica y análisis de la amenaza del volcán Turrialba, Costa Rica

Cited by 9 publications

References 13 publications

Fluid Geochemistry and Volcanic Unrest: Dissolving the Haze in Time and Space

Fluid Geochemistry and Volcanic Unrest: Dissolving the Haze in Time and Space

Response of a Hydrothermal System to Escalating Phreatic Unrest the Case of Turrialba and Irazú in Costa Rica (2007-2012)

Turmoil at Turrialba Volcano (Costa Rica): Degassing and eruptive processes inferred from high‐frequency gas monitoring

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