Activity coefficients of NaCl in aqueous mixtures with ɛ-increasing co-solvent: Formamide–water mixtures at 298.15K

Activity coefficients of LiCl in (PEG 4000+water) at T=(288.15, 298.15, and 308.15)K

“…E Ã is the apparent standard potential (molal scale) of the cell and contains the potential of asymmetry of both selective electrodes. In general, we have verified [22,23] that these asymmetric potentials are small, independent of the solvent composition and remain practically constants during the period of time that this type of study lasts. Table 1 shows E values for different temperatures and different (PEG 4000 + water) as a function of LiCl molality.…”

“…In all cases, an increase in standard Gibbs free energy of transference is observed with the increase of PEG 4000 in the mixture, which can indicate a decrease in electrolyte hydration in the mixture. This seems to be related to an increase of PEG 4000 hydration, although there could be other causes of this behavior [23]. It can also be observed that the values of DG t , for a w of PEG constant, decrease with an increase in temperature.…”

“…The standard deviations were (0.62, 0.54, and 0.71) mV at temperatures of (288.15, 298.15, and 308.15) K. These values are more than acceptable levels for a system containing two ion-selective electrodes. In these calculations it has been assumed that k Li ffi k Cl ffi k ffi (k Li + k Cl )/2 [15,20,22,23].…”

Activity Coefficients of RbF in Urea–Water and Formamide–Water Mixtures from Potentiometric Measurements

“…As is known to all, the term C φ in Pitzer and d in extended Debye−Huckel equations are insignificant at low concentrations of the electrolyte. 2,11 The concentration of RbF is less than 1 mol•kg −1 in this work, so it is proper to define the value of C φ and d as zero.…”

“…Therefore, probing into the nature of interactions between amides and electrolytes is important for the design of suitable processes for its application. For example, Hernández-Luis et al carried out a series of systematic studies of electrolyte NaF/NaCl/NaBr in formamide–water mixtures. − In recent years, our research group investigated the thermodynamic properties of heavy alkaline metal chlorides and fluorides in organic–water with ε-increasing and ε-decreasing cosolvents such as alcohol–water, amino acid–water, and amide–water et al − The solution properties of aqueous mixtures of formamide–water and urea–water have received considerable attention in the literature. , The results showed that the dielectric constants (ε-increasing and ε-decreasing cosolvents) of the mixed solvents had a great effect on the thermodynamic properties of the systems.…”