Activity inhibition: A predictor of lateralized brain function during stress?

Schultheiss, Oliver C.; Riebel, Kathrin; Jones, Nicolette

doi:10.1037/a0014591

Cited by 35 publications

(47 citation statements)

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“…I also included activity inhibition, the frequency with which the negation not (German: nicht ) occurs in the PSE, in the analysis. This variable represents a propensity to engage the right hemisphere in response to stress and is frequently assessed along with implicit motive measures, because it often moderates the effects of motives on outcome measures (see Schultheiss et al, 2009; Langens, 2010). …”

Section: Study 1: Deriving and Validating Liwc-based Motive Scores Inmentioning

confidence: 99%

Are implicit motives revealed in mere words? Testing the marker-word hypothesis with computer-based text analysis

Schultheiss

2013

Front. Psychol.

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Traditionally, implicit motives (i.e., non-conscious preferences for specific classes of incentives) are assessed through semantic coding of imaginative stories. The present research tested the marker-word hypothesis, which states that implicit motives are reflected in the frequencies of specific words. Using Linguistic Inquiry and Word Count (LIWC; Pennebaker et al., 2001), Study 1 identified word categories that converged with a content-coding measure of the implicit motives for power, achievement, and affiliation in picture stories collected in German and US student samples, showed discriminant validity with self-reported motives, and predicted well-validated criteria of implicit motives (gender difference for the affiliation motive; in interaction with personal-goal progress: emotional well-being). Study 2 demonstrated LIWC-based motive scores' causal validity by documenting their sensitivity to motive arousal.

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Section: Study 1: Deriving and Validating Liwc-based Motive Scores Inmentioning

confidence: 99%

Are implicit motives revealed in mere words? Testing the marker-word hypothesis with computer-based text analysis

Schultheiss

2013

Front. Psychol.

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“…The scorer had previously exceeded the 85% interrater agreement criterion on calibration materials as a measure for scoring reliability and was blind to the research hypotheses. AI was determined per word-count software as the frequency of the negation “not” in its written-out and contracted variants in participants' PSE stories (see Schultheiss et al, 2009a). On average, participants wrote 919 ( SD = 275) words, containing 4.74 ( SD = 2.88) power, 5.64 ( SD = 3.11) affiliation, 7.04 ( SD = 2.91) achievement images, and 8.33 ( SD = 6.33) AI scores summed across stories.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…In early conceptions, AI was assumed to represent a linguistic marker of an individual's mere ability to inhibit emotional impulses and behavior (e.g., McClelland and Boyatzis, 1982). In more modern conceptions, AI is understood as a propensity to engage emotion-processing functions of the right hemisphere, which are supposed to facilitate the flexible adjustment of behavior to challenging circumstances in social interactions (Schultheiss et al, 2009a). The right hemisphere also plays a key role in the encoding and decoding of nonverbal signals of emotion such as FEEs (e.g., Adolphs, 2002), which might be the mediating process for AI influences on various social outcomes.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The right hemisphere also plays a key role in the encoding and decoding of nonverbal signals of emotion such as FEEs (e.g., Adolphs, 2002), which might be the mediating process for AI influences on various social outcomes. Thus, a person who is confronted with an ambiguous FEE that could either be interpreted as a neutral or hostile FEE, for instance, should better be able to thoroughly process the meaning of the stimulus and hence to react more adequately in terms of subjective affective reactions as well as actual behavior if he or she is high in AI, but not if he or she is low on this variable (Schultheiss et al, 2009a). Next to these AI main effects, AI influences can often be found in interaction with implicit motives.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Implicit motives predict affective responses to emotional expressions

Rösch¹,

Stanton²,

Schultheiss³

2013

Front. Psychol.

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We explored the influence of implicit motives and activity inhibition (AI) on subjectively experienced affect in response to the presentation of six different facial expressions of emotion (FEEs; anger, disgust, fear, happiness, sadness, and surprise) and neutral faces from the NimStim set of facial expressions (Tottenham et al., 2009). Implicit motives and AI were assessed using a Picture Story Exercise (PSE) (Schultheiss et al., 2009b). Ratings of subjectively experienced affect (arousal and valence) were assessed using Self-Assessment Manikins (SAM) (Bradley and Lang, 1994) in a sample of 84 participants. We found that people with either a strong implicit power or achievement motive experienced stronger arousal, while people with a strong affiliation motive experienced less arousal and less pleasurable affect across emotions. Additionally, we obtained significant power motive × AI interactions for arousal ratings in response to FEEs and neutral faces. Participants with a strong power motive and weak AI experienced stronger arousal after the presentation of neutral faces but no additional increase in arousal after the presentation of FEEs. Participants with a strong power motive and strong AI (inhibited power motive) did not feel aroused by neutral faces. However, their arousal increased in response to all FEEs with the exception of happy faces, for which their subjective arousal decreased. These differentiated reaction patterns of individuals with an inhibited power motive suggest that they engage in a more socially adaptive manner of responding to different FEEs. Our findings extend established links between implicit motives and affective processes found at the procedural level to declarative reactions to FEEs. Implications are discussed with respect to dual-process models of motivation and research in motive congruence.Keywords: inhibited power motive, implicit motives, activity inhibition, affect, emotion, arousal, valence INTRODUCTIONThis paper investigates two questions. Firstly, it examines whether implicit motives (power, affiliation, and achievement motives) predict subjective affective reactions to other people's facial expressions of emotion (FEEs). Secondly, it explores whether the trait of activity inhibition (AI) moderates a potential relationship between the implicit power motive and affective responses.Implicit motives are unconscious motivational dispositions (needs) that energize the attainment of motive-specific incentives, or the avoidance of motive-specific disincentives, by charging them with affect (Schultheiss, 2008). Currently, the "Big Three" implicit motives are the focus of most research (Schultheiss and Brunstein, 2010). For people with a strong need for power (nPower), having impact on others represents an incentive, while losing impact or being in a submissive position represents a disincentive. For people with a strong need for affiliation (nAffiliation), being in a close harmonious relationship represents an incentive, while separation or the loss of a relationship represents a...

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“…The way motives are acted out is modulated by the degree of activity inhibition inherent in a person. AI is not an implicit motive itself, but a stable tendency refining the manner in which motives become manifest (Schultheiss et al, 2009). If people are high in AI, they are able to inhibit the expression of emotional and motivational impulses (McClelland, 1979).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Need for Affiliation as a Motivational Add-On for Leadership Behaviors and Managerial Success

2016

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In a sample of 70 leader-follower dyads, this study examines the separate and interactive effects of the leaders’ implicit needs for power, achievement, and affiliation on leadership behaviors and outcomes. Results show that whereas the need for achievement was marginally associated with follower-rated passive leadership, the need for affiliation was significantly related to ratings of the leaders’ concern for the needs of their followers. Analyzing motive combinations in terms of interactive effects and accounting for the growing evidence on the value of affiliative concerns in leadership, we assumed the need for affiliation would channel the interplay among the needs for power and achievement in such a way that the leaders would become more effective in leading others. As expected, based on high need for achievement, the followers were more satisfied with their jobs and with their leaders and perceived more transformational leadership behavior if power-motivated leaders equally had a high need for affiliation. Moreover, the leaders indicated higher career success when this was the case. However, in indicators of followers’ performance, the three-way interaction among the needs for power, achievement, and affiliation did not account for additional variance.

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Activity inhibition: A predictor of lateralized brain function during stress?

Cited by 35 publications

References 72 publications

Are implicit motives revealed in mere words? Testing the marker-word hypothesis with computer-based text analysis

Are implicit motives revealed in mere words? Testing the marker-word hypothesis with computer-based text analysis

Implicit motives predict affective responses to emotional expressions

Need for Affiliation as a Motivational Add-On for Leadership Behaviors and Managerial Success

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