Activity of bulbar respiratory neurons during fictive coughing and swallowing in the decerebrate cat.

Oku, Yoshitaka; Tanaka, Ikuko; Ezure, Kazuhisa

doi:10.1113/jphysiol.1994.sp020361

Cited by 122 publications

(105 citation statements)

References 37 publications

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“…The studies of premotor control of tongue muscle motoneuron activity also suggest that a single respiratory network can be reconfigured to produce nonrespiratory behaviors (Gestreau et al, 2005). Oku et al (1994) have reported that BÖ T/preBÖ T EAUG neurons exhibit two types of responses to SLN-induced coughing: the EAUG neurons briefly fire only after the inspiratory termination, probably during the expulsive phase, or continuously burst throughout the expiratory phase. In the present study, the bursting activity throughout cough-related expiration was never observed in the EAUG laryngeal premotor motoneurons; all recorded premotor neurons fired only during the expulsive phase or were silent during coughing.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The fictive compressive and expulsive phases of coughing were identified by the changes in membrane potential of laryngeal motoneurons in addition to the neurogram activities (Shiba et al, 1999). Fictive swallowing was identified by bursting activity in the hypoglossal nerve (Oku et al, 1994;Umezaki et al, 1998a). Fictive sneezing was evoked by mechanical stimulation of the nasal cavity with a fine polyethylene tube, and was identified by bursting activity in the abdominal nerve preceded by increased phrenic activity (Satoh et al, 1998).…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Multifunctional Laryngeal Premotor Neurons: Their Activities during Breathing, Coughing, Sneezing, and Swallowing

Shiba¹,

Nakazawa²,

Ono³

et al. 2007

J. Neurosci.

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To examine whether motor commands of two or more distinct laryngeal motor patterns converge onto a common premotor network, we conducted dual recordings from the laryngeal adductor motoneuron and its premotor neuron within the brainstem respiratory circuitry during fictive breathing, coughing, sneezing, and swallowing in decerebrate paralyzed cats. Expiratory neurons with an augmenting firing pattern (EAUG), whose action potentials evoked monosynaptic IPSPs in the adductor motoneurons, sharply fired during the expulsive phases of fictive coughing and sneezing, during which the adductor motoneurons transiently repolarized. In contrast, these premotor neurons were silent during the swallow-related hyperpolarization in adductor motoneurons. These results show that one class of medullary respiratory neuron, EAUG, is multifunctional and shared among the central pattern generators (CPGs) for breathing, coughing, and sneezing. In addition, although the CPGs underlying these three behaviors and the swallowing CPG do overlap, EAUG neurons are not part of the swallowing CPG and, in contrast to the other three behaviors, are not a source of inhibitory input to adductor motoneurons during swallowing.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Multifunctional Laryngeal Premotor Neurons: Their Activities during Breathing, Coughing, Sneezing, and Swallowing

Shiba¹,

Nakazawa²,

Ono³

et al. 2007

J. Neurosci.

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“…For the premotor E-Aug neurons in the caudal VRG, this represents a change in discharge that mirrors the motor bursting in expiratory muscles (Shannon et al, 1998. However, one group has reported that activities of these neurons do not always mirror abdominal motor bursting during fictive cough (Oku et al, 1994). Rostral VRG/Bot E-Aug neurons also exhibit this change and in the model have been identified as E-Aug-early to acknowledge this fact.…”

Section: The Core Respiratory Network Reconfiguration and The Gatinmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…For example, expiratory augmenting (E-Aug) neurons of the rostral and caudal VRG can undergo a shift in their discharge patterns to decrementing during cough (Oku et al, 1994;Shannon et al, 1998Shannon et al, , 2000. For the premotor E-Aug neurons in the caudal VRG, this represents a change in discharge that mirrors the motor bursting in expiratory muscles (Shannon et al, 1998.…”

Section: The Core Respiratory Network Reconfiguration and The Gatinmentioning

confidence: 99%

Neurogenesis of cough, other airway defensive behaviors and breathing: A holarchical system?

Bolser

Poliaček

Jakus

et al. 2006

Respiratory Physiology & Neurobiology

115

105

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Cough and breathing are generated by a common muscular system. However, these two behaviors differ significantly in their mechanical features and regulation. The current conceptualization of the neurogenic mechanism for these behaviors holds that the multifunctional respiratory pattern generator undergoes reconfiguration to produce cough. Our previous results indicate the presence of a functional cough gate mechanism that controls the excitability of this airway defensive behavior, but is not involved in the regulation of breathing. We propose that the neurogenesis of cough, breathing, and other nonbreathing behaviors is controlled by a larger network, of which the respiratory pattern generator is part. This network we term a holarchical system. This system is governed by functional control elements known as holons, which confer unique regulatory features to each behavior. The cough gate is an example of such a holon. Neurons that participate in a cough holon may include behavior selective elements. That is, neurons that are either specifically recruited during cough and/or tonically-active neurons with little or no modulation during breathing but with significant alterations in discharge during coughing. We also propose that the holarchical system is responsible for the orderly expression of different airway defensive behaviors such that each motor task is executed in a temporally and mechanically discrete manner. We further propose that a holon controlling one airway defensive behavior can regulate the excitability of, and cooperate with, holons unique to other behaviors. As such, co-expression of multiple rhythmic behaviors such as cough and swallow can occur without compromising airway defense.

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“…It is believed generally that rhythmic motor acts are mediated by groups of neurons referred to as central pattern generators (C PGs; Delcomyn, 1980;Selverston and Moulins, 1985). C PGs are multif unctional networks that can mediate more than one behavior (Willows and Hoyle, 1969;Kupfermann, 1974a;McClellan, 1982;Simmers and Bush, 1983;Mortin et al, 1985;Heinzel, 1988;Oku et al, 1994;Green and Soffe, 1996) (see Getting, 1989;Harris-Warrick and Marder, 1991). Although significant progress has been made in analyzing the cellular mechanisms by which these networks switch between different motor outputs (Getting and Dekin, 1985;Hooper and Moulins, 1989;Dickinson et al, 1990;Meyrand et al, 1991Meyrand et al, , 1994) (see Dickinson and Moulins, 1992;Dickinson, 1995), the cellular mechanisms by which operant conditioning modifies such multifunctional circuits and thereby modifies a specified behavior remain unknown.…”

Section: Abstract: Buccal Ganglia; Aplysia Californica; Central Pattmentioning

confidence: 99%

Contingent-Dependent Enhancement of Rhythmic Motor Patterns: AnIn VitroAnalog of Operant Conditioning

Nargeot¹,

Baxter²,

Byrne³

1997

J. Neurosci.

111

183

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Operant conditioning is characterized by the contingent reinforcement of a designated behavior. Previously, feeding behavior in Aplysia has been demonstrated to be modified by operant conditioning, and a neural pathway (esophageal nerve; E n.) that mediates some aspects of reinforcement has been identified. As a first step toward a cellular analysis of operant conditioning, we developed an in vitro buccal ganglia preparation that expressed the essential features of operant conditioning. Motor patterns that represented at least two different aspects of fictive feeding (i.e., ingestion-like and rejection-like motor patterns) were elicited by tonic stimulation of a peripheral buccal nerve (n.2,3). Three groups of preparations were examined. In a contingent-reinforcement group, stimulation of E n. was contingent on the expression of a specific type of motor pattern (i.e., either ingestion-like or rejection-like). In a yoke-control group, stimulation of E n. was not contingent on any specific pattern. In a control group, E n. was not stimulated. The frequency of the reinforced pattern increased significantly only in the contingent-reinforcement group. No changes were observed in nonreinforced patterns or in the motor patterns of the control and yoke-control groups. Contingent reinforcement of the ingestion-like pattern was associated with an enhancement of activity in motor neuron B8, and this enhancement was specific to the reinforced pattern. These results suggest that the isolated buccal ganglia expressed an essential feature of operant conditioning (i.e., contingent reinforcement modified a designated operant) and that this analog of operant conditioning is accessible to cellular analysis. Key words: buccal ganglia; Aplysia californica; central pattern generator; operant conditioning; learning and memory; contingent reinforcementOperant conditioning, which was introduced by Thorndike (1911), is an example of associative learning in which an association is established between a specific behavior (the operant) and a stimulus (the reinforcement). A key feature of operant conditioning is the contingency of the reinforcement (i.e., the correlation between the expression of a designated operant behavior and the delivery of a reinforcement; Skinner, 1938;Konorski, 1948). As a result of this contingency the frequency of the reinforced behavior is modified. This phenomenon, known as the "law of effect" (Thorndike, 1933), provided evidence that the nervous system has mechanisms by which a particular motor output can be selected from among many different behaviors that may be expressed.Rhythmic motor acts such as locomotion, feeding, respiration, and heart rate can be modified by operant conditioning (Skinner, 1938;Miller, 1969;Cook and C arew, 1986;Susswein et al., 1986;Jaeger et al., 1987; L ukowiak et al., 1996). It is believed generally that rhythmic motor acts are mediated by groups of neurons referred to as central pattern generators (C PGs;Delcomyn, 1980;Selverston and Moulins, 1985). C PGs are multif unctional netwo...

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Activity of bulbar respiratory neurons during fictive coughing and swallowing in the decerebrate cat.

Cited by 122 publications

References 37 publications

Multifunctional Laryngeal Premotor Neurons: Their Activities during Breathing, Coughing, Sneezing, and Swallowing

Multifunctional Laryngeal Premotor Neurons: Their Activities during Breathing, Coughing, Sneezing, and Swallowing

Neurogenesis of cough, other airway defensive behaviors and breathing: A holarchical system?

Contingent-Dependent Enhancement of Rhythmic Motor Patterns: AnIn VitroAnalog of Operant Conditioning

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