Activity of neuromodulatory neurones during stepping of a single insect leg

Mentel, Tim; Weiler, Violetta; Büschges, Ansgar; Pflüger, Hans‐Joachim

doi:10.1016/j.jinsphys.2007.08.010

Cited by 22 publications

(27 citation statements)

References 53 publications

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“…Due to the large soma, its dorsal position and a weak stained primary neurite that appeared to bifurcate forming two neurites, we conclude that the neuron is a DUM cell. Our assumption is confirmed by data from Mentel et al (2008), who described in the stick insect a DUM neuron with lateral projecting axons through nerves na and nl2 that was termed DUMna nl2. Figure 2.…”

Section: Nervus Anteriorsupporting

confidence: 76%

“…b: High magnification shows seven contralateral cell bodies and a pale labeled neuron (arrowhead). c: Depth color-coded image of mid ganglion neurons in another whole-mount shows the ventromedian neuron (yellow) and a dorsal unpaired median (DUM) cell body, the DUMna nl2 neuron (arrowhead; Mentel et al, 2008). Asterisk marks DUM neurite T-junction.…”

Section: Nervus Anteriormentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Mentel et al (2008) assume that at least nine DUM cells are located in the mesothoracic ganglion of stick insects. To determine the number of DUM neurons within the mesothoracic ganglion we backfilled all thoracic nerves together (except for nerve np).…”

Section: Backfill Of All Thoracic Nerves (Dum Neuron Population)mentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Mentel et al (2008) assume that a minimum of nine DUM neurons should be located in the mesothoracic ganglion. Our data confirm this assumption, as we labeled up to nine DUM cells.…”

Section: Dum Cell Population In the Mesothoracic Ganglionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Motoneurons, DUM cells, and sensory neurons in an insect thoracic ganglion: A tracing study in the stick insect Carausius morosus

Goldammer

Büschges

Schmidt

2011

J of Comparative Neurology

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Anatomical features of leg motoneurons, dorsal unpaired median (DUM) cells, and sensory neurons in stick insect mesothoracic ganglia were examined using fluorescent dye backfills of lateral nerves. Structures were analyzed in whole-mounts of ganglia and transverse sections. Numbers of motoneurons and details of their structure by far exceed previously published data. The general neuroanatomical layout of motoneurons matches the general orthopteran pattern. Cell bodies of excitatory motoneurons form clusters in the lateral cortex, dendrites branch mainly in the dorsal neuropil. We identified nine DUM cells, six of which have axons in nerve nl5. Most sensory fibers terminate in the ventral association center (VAC). Twenty-three small cell bodies located close to the soma of the fast extensor tibiae motoneuron likely belong to strand receptors. Labeled structures are compared with previously published data from stick insects and other orthopterous insects.

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Section: Nervus Anteriorsupporting

confidence: 76%

Section: Nervus Anteriormentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Backfill Of All Thoracic Nerves (Dum Neuron Population)mentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Mentel et al (2008) assume that a minimum of nine DUM neurons should be located in the mesothoracic ganglion. Our data confirm this assumption, as we labeled up to nine DUM cells.…”

Section: Dum Cell Population In the Mesothoracic Ganglionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Motoneurons, DUM cells, and sensory neurons in an insect thoracic ganglion: A tracing study in the stick insect Carausius morosus

Goldammer

Büschges

Schmidt

2011

J of Comparative Neurology

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“…Direct control of leg movements resides in the local control circuits of the thoracic ganglia in arthropods or spinal cords of vertebrates (Deliagina et al, 1999). In insects, these circuits include central pattern generators and local reflexes that produce basic leg cycles, and then change to produce turns or adjust posture Mentel et al, 2008;Gruhn et al, 2009;Hellekes et al, 2012;Mu and Ritzmann, 2005;Ritzmann and Büschges, 2007). In order to respond to barriers properly, objects must be detected and evaluated by sensory structures that largely reside on the animal's head (Harley et al, 2009;Okada and Toh, 2000;Schütz and Dürr, 2011).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Neural activity in the central complex of the cockroach brain is linked to turning behaviors

Guo

Ritzmann

2012

Journal of Experimental Biology

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SUMMARYAn animal moving through complex terrain must consider sensory cues around it and alter its movements accordingly. In the arthropod brain, the central complex (CC) receives highly preprocessed sensory information and sends outputs to premotor regions, suggesting that it may play a role in the central control of oriented locomotion. We performed tetrode recordings within the CC in cockroaches walking on an air-suspended ball to examine the role of the CC in turning behaviors. When a rod was placed near the cockroachʼs head, the cockroach touched the rod repeatedly with one or both antennae before locomotion was initiated. Some CC units responded to self-generated antennal contact with the object, but at lower levels compared with externally imposed antennal stimulation. The neural activity of other CC units responded to locomotion. We found that some CC units showed discrete firing fields corresponding to specific locomotion states. We also found that changes in firing rate of some CC units preceded changes in turning speed in one direction but not the other. Furthermore, such biased units were located in the side of the brain ipsilateral to the direction of the turning speed they could predict. Moreover, electrical stimulation of the CC elicited or modified locomotion, and the direction of some evoked locomotion could be predicted by the response property of locomotion-predictive units near the stimulation site. Therefore, our results suggest that, at the population level, asymmetrical activity in the CC precedes and influences turning behavior. Supplementary material available online at

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Tyramine as an independent transmitter and a precursor of octopamine in the locust central nervous system: An immunocytochemical study

Kononenko

Wolfenberg

Pflüger

2008

J of Comparative Neurology

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Octopamine and its precursor tyramine are biogenic amines that are found ubiquitously in insects, playing independent but opposite neuromodulatory roles in a wide spectrum of behaviors, ranging from locomotion and aggression to learning and memory. We used recently available antibodies to octopamine and tyramine to label the distribution of immunoreactive profiles in the brain and ventral nerve cord of the locust. In the brain and all ventral cord ganglia all known octopaminergic neurons were labeled with both the tyramine and octopamine antisera. In the brain the subesophageal ganglion and all fused abdominal ganglia we found somata that were only labeled by the tyramine antibody. Some prominent architectural features of the brain, like the protocerebral bridge, the central body, and associated neuropils, also contain intensely labeled tyramine-immunoreactive fibers. In addition, tyraminergic fibers occur in all ganglia of the ventral cord. For known octopaminergic neurons of the thoracic ganglia, octopamine-immunoreactivity was confined to the cell body and to the varicosities or boutons, whereas fiber processes always expressed tyramine-immunoreactivity. The distribution of the tyramine and octopamine content within these neurons turned out to be dependent on how the animal was handled before fixation for immunocytochemistry. We conclude that tyramine is an independent transmitter in locusts, and that in octopaminergic neurons the ratio between octopamine and its precursor tyramine is highly dynamic.

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Activity of neuromodulatory neurones during stepping of a single insect leg

Cited by 22 publications

References 53 publications

Motoneurons, DUM cells, and sensory neurons in an insect thoracic ganglion: A tracing study in the stick insect Carausius morosus

Motoneurons, DUM cells, and sensory neurons in an insect thoracic ganglion: A tracing study in the stick insect Carausius morosus

Neural activity in the central complex of the cockroach brain is linked to turning behaviors

Tyramine as an independent transmitter and a precursor of octopamine in the locust central nervous system: An immunocytochemical study

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