2005
DOI: 10.3758/bf03196385
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Actually, a picture is worth less than 45 words: Narratives produce more false memories than photographs do

Abstract: Most memory "implantation" studies have elicited false memories by using fake narratives. Recently, Wade, Garry, Read, and Lindsay (2002) showed that doctored photographs can be used to create false childhood memories in adults. Fifty percent of Wade et al.'s sample reported details of taking a childhood hot air balloon ride, although they had never been in a balloon. In this experiment, we investigated whether photos or narratives influence memory more than the other. We exposed subjects to either a fake phot… Show more

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Cited by 115 publications
(133 citation statements)
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“…The lowest rate of ‘recall’ of an event not selected for being implausible, going on a hot air balloon ride in New Zealand, was 5% (French, Sutherland, & Garry, 2006). In contrast, other studies with the same investigator and implanting a ‘memory’ of the same event in the same country achieved rates as high as 41% (Garry & Wade, 2005). Once again, there was considerable variation within studies, and part of this appeared to be due to the provision of personal, self‐relevant information.…”
Section: Resultsmentioning
confidence: 89%
See 1 more Smart Citation
“…The lowest rate of ‘recall’ of an event not selected for being implausible, going on a hot air balloon ride in New Zealand, was 5% (French, Sutherland, & Garry, 2006). In contrast, other studies with the same investigator and implanting a ‘memory’ of the same event in the same country achieved rates as high as 41% (Garry & Wade, 2005). Once again, there was considerable variation within studies, and part of this appeared to be due to the provision of personal, self‐relevant information.…”
Section: Resultsmentioning
confidence: 89%
“…Even when clear memories were identified by the investigators, participants' confidence in them was below the scale midpoint (Hyman & Billings, 1998). Omitted from Table 4 are data on recollection of true events that, when reported, was consistently higher (Garry & Wade, 2005; Heaps & Nash, 2001; Hessen‐Kayfitz & Scoboria, 2012; Lindsay et al, 2004; Loftus & Pickrell, 1995; Ost et al, 2005; Pezdek et al, 1997; Porter et al, 1999; Shaw & Porter, 2015; Strange et al, 2008). There were no indications that studies using guided imagery obtained higher self‐report ratings of recollective experience or confidence in memory than studies that did not use guided imagery and in one study where these conditions were directly compared use of imagery led to numerically lower confidence in memory (Hyman & Pentland, 1996).…”
Section: Resultsmentioning
confidence: 99%
“…The malleability of memory is further underscored by 2 findings: suggestive procedures can implant false memories of complex events, such as riding in a hot air balloon, being the victim of bullying, being subjected to a vicious animal attack, and committing a crime, in 20% to 80% of participants [17][18][19] ; and eyewitness testimony is frequently confidently expressed in the courtroom, even though it can be inaccurate. [20][21][22] The specificity of recall of events and the emotion participants attach to these events provide no guarantee of their accuracy.…”
Section: Limitationsmentioning
confidence: 99%
“…Participants were informed about a fabricated hot air balloon ride in either narrative or photographic form. After three interviews, 50% of the photograph condition participants Wade (2005) for photographs: Specific visual details may constrain fluency. Thus, familiar details should facilitate false remembering, whereas unfamiliar or bizarre details should have little impact on (or may even decrease) its likelihood.…”
mentioning
confidence: 99%
“…Interested in exploring the apparent differences between narratives and photographs in fostering false memories, Garry and Wade (2005) studied their relative effects. Participants were informed about a fabricated hot air balloon ride in either narrative or photographic form.…”
mentioning
confidence: 99%