Acupuncture at heterotopic acupoints enhances jejunal motility in constipated and diarrheic rats

Qin, Qing-Guang; Gao, Xin-Yan; Liu, Kun; Yu, Xiao-Chun; Li, Liang; Wang, Haiping; Zhu, Bing

doi:10.3748/wjg.v20.i48.18271

Cited by 23 publications

(26 citation statements)

References 34 publications

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“…Homotopic acupoint is in the same spinal cord segment and that of a heterotopic acupoint in a different spinal cord segment, from which the efferent innervates visceral organs; acupuncture at this point could therefore inhibit or facilitate gastrointestinal motility via the sympathetic or parasympathetic pathways [15, 16]. According to this concept, ST25 and ST37 are, respectively, the homotopic and heterotopic acupoints for the jejunum.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Several studies have shown that acupuncture stimulation regulates gastrointestinal motility primarily via autonomic nervous reflexes [11–13]. In animal models, acupuncture at the abdominal skin inhibits gastrointestinal motility mainly via the sympathetic pathway [14], whereas acupuncture at a hind paw enhances gastric motility mainly via the parasympathetic pathway [15, 16]. However, the evidence for this is still scarce.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Electroacupuncture at ST37 Enhances Jejunal Motility via Excitation of the Parasympathetic System in Rats and Mice

Yuan

Wang

et al. 2016

Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine

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Background. The roles of the sympathetic and parasympathetic systems in mediating the effect of electroacupuncture (EA) at ST37 on jejunal motility have yet to be demonstrated. Aim. We used rats and mice to investigate the effect and mechanism of action of EA at ST37 on jejunal motility. Methods. Jejunal motility was recorded by a balloon placed in the jejunum and connected to a biological signal collection system through a transducer. The effects of EA (3 mA) at ST37 were evaluated in Sprague-Dawley rats without drugs and with the administration of clenbuterol, propranolol, acetylcholine, and atropine. Further, the efficacy of EA at different intensities (1/2/4/6/8 mA) was measured in wild-type mice and β 1 β 2 −/− mice and M2M3 −/− mice. Results. In Sprague-Dawley rats, the excitatory effect of EA at ST37 on jejunal motility disappeared in the presence of the muscarinic receptor antagonist atropine. EA at ST37 was less effective in M2M3 −/− mice than in wild-type mice. Furthermore, to a certain extent, there existed “intensity-response” relationship between jejunal motility and EA. Conclusions. EA at ST37 can enhance jejunal motility in rats and mice mainly via excitation of the parasympathetic pathway. There is an “intensity-response” relationship between EA and effect on jejunal motility.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Electroacupuncture at ST37 Enhances Jejunal Motility via Excitation of the Parasympathetic System in Rats and Mice

Yuan

Wang

et al. 2016

Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine

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“…42 Here, we applied methoctramine (0.5 mg/kg, iv), a selective M 2 receptor antagonist, to detect whether M 2 receptors also play a role in the enhancement of distal colonic motility induced by acupuncture at heterotopic acupoints. As shown in Fig.…”

Section: Acupuncture At Heterotopic Acupoints Increases Distal Colonimentioning

confidence: 99%

Acupuncture at heterotopic acupoints facilitates distal colonic motility via activating M₃ receptors and somatic afferent C‐fibers in normal, constipated, or diarrhoeic rats

Gao

Qin

et al. 2015

Neurogastroenterology Motil

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Key Messages• Acupuncture at heterotopic acupoints increases distal colonic motility regardless of normal or pathological conditions via predominately activating C-fibers of somatic afferent nerve and M 3 receptors.• To investigate the effects of acupuncture on distal colonic motility, particularly in pathological conditions, and the precise mechanism employed in the regulation of acupuncture on colonic motility.• A warm-water-filled manometric balloon inserted 5-6 cm into the rectum of anesthetized rats was used to assess distal colonic motility. Acupuncture was performed at heterotopic acupoints.• Acupuncture at heterotopic acupoints increased distal colonic motility not only in normal rats but also in rats with constipation or diarrhea, and M 3 receptors play an important role in the facilitation of distal colonic motility. Activating afferent nerve C-fibers are essential for enhanced distal colonic motility by acupuncture. AbstractBackground Previous studies have demonstrated the efficacy of somatic stimulation for patients with gastrointestinal motility disorders. However, little effort has been made to investigate the effects of acupuncture on colonic motility, particularly in pathological conditions. The precise mechanism employed in the regulation of acupuncture on colonic motility still remains unclear. Methods We assessed the effect of acupuncture at heterotopic acupoints on distal colonic motility using a warm-water-filled manometric balloon inserted 5-6 cm into the rectum of anesthetized normal rats or rats with diarrhea or constipation. Choline chloride, 4-DAMP, cobra venom and capsaicin were separately applied to investigate the role of M 3 receptors in the regulation of distal colonic motility by acupuncture at heterotopic acupoints, and whether Ad-and/or C-fibers are required for triggering distal colonic motility by acupuncture. Key Results Acupuncture at heterotopic acupoints increased distal colonic motility not only in normal rats but also in rats with constipation or diarrhea. M 3 receptors play an important role in the facilitation of distal colonic motility triggered by acupuncture at heterotopic acupoints. Afferent nerve Ad-and C-fibers mediate the transduction of the acupuncture signal and C-fibers are essential for enhancing the effect of acupuncture at the heterotopic acupoint on distal colonic motility.

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“…Previous work in our laboratory has demonstrated that acupuncture at a given acupoint may induce opposing visceral responses, depending on the homeostatic state of the individual [24, 25]. Here, we attempted to determine whether acupuncture at ST37or ST25 produces differing effects on jejunal motility.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

β1/2 or M2/3 Receptors Are Required for Different Gastrointestinal Motility Responses Induced by Acupuncture at Heterotopic or Homotopic Acupoints

Gao

Zhao

et al. 2016

PLoS ONE

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Acupuncture at homotopic acupoints or heterotopic acupoints is known to either inhibit or facilitate gastrointestinal motility, depending on the acupoint location. However, little effort has been made to investigate the roles of specific receptors (such as adrenergic and muscarinic acetylcholine receptors) in mediating the effects of acupuncture at heterotopic and homotopic acupoints. Different adrenergic receptor subtypes or cholinergic receptor subtypes are predominantly expressed in various sections of the gut, resulting in variations between the effects of acupuncture at heterotopic or homotopic acupoints on gastrointestinal motility. Here, we investigated the role of β1/β2 receptors and M2/M3 receptors in gastrointestinal motility regulated by acupuncture at ST37, a heterotopic acupoint, and ST25, a homotopic acupoint, by simultaneously recording intraluminal pressures in the distal colon and stomach or jejunum and examining fecal phenol red excretion in β1/2 receptor-knockout mice and M2/3 receptor-knockout mice. We found that knockout of the M2/3 receptor significantly inhibited ST37 acupuncture-induced enhancement of gastric motility, jejunal motility, and colonic motility. Additionally, knocking out of the β1/2 receptor significantly diminished the ST25 acupuncture-induced inhibition of gastric motility and jejunal motility without significantly altering the enhancement of colonic motility induced by acupuncture at ST25. Acupuncture at ST37 significantly accelerated gastrointestinal transition in β1/2 receptor-knockout mice and their wild-type littermates. However, this acceleration of gastrointestinal transition was markedly diminished in M2/3 receptor-knockout mice relative to their wild-type littermates. Acupuncture at ST25 significantly increased gastrointestinal transition in β1/2 receptor-knockout mice and significantly decreased gastrointestinal transition in M2/3 receptor-knockout mice without altering gastrointestinal transition in wild-type littermates of either. Our study revealed that M2/3 receptors are required for the gastrointestinal motility associated with whole gastrointestinal transition enhanced by acupuncture at heterotopic acupoints, whereas β1/2 receptors are required for the same gastrointestinal motility processes inhibited by acupuncture at homotopic acupoints. Therefore, our findings reveal important biological mechanisms underlying acupuncture treatment of disorders involving gastrointestinal motility dysfunction.

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Acupuncture at heterotopic acupoints enhances jejunal motility in constipated and diarrheic rats

Abstract: Acupuncture at heterotopic acupoints increases the amplitude of jejunal motility in rats. C fibers and M2 receptors predominantly and partially mediate the regulation of jejunal motility by acupuncture, respectively.

Cited by 23 publications

References 34 publications

Electroacupuncture at ST37 Enhances Jejunal Motility via Excitation of the Parasympathetic System in Rats and Mice

Electroacupuncture at ST37 Enhances Jejunal Motility via Excitation of the Parasympathetic System in Rats and Mice

Acupuncture at heterotopic acupoints facilitates distal colonic motility via activating M₃ receptors and somatic afferent C‐fibers in normal, constipated, or diarrhoeic rats

β1/2 or M2/3 Receptors Are Required for Different Gastrointestinal Motility Responses Induced by Acupuncture at Heterotopic or Homotopic Acupoints

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Acupuncture at heterotopic acupoints enhances jejunal motility in constipated and diarrheic rats

Abstract: Acupuncture at heterotopic acupoints increases the amplitude of jejunal motility in rats. C fibers and M2 receptors predominantly and partially mediate the regulation of jejunal motility by acupuncture, respectively.

Cited by 23 publications

References 34 publications

Electroacupuncture at ST37 Enhances Jejunal Motility via Excitation of the Parasympathetic System in Rats and Mice

Electroacupuncture at ST37 Enhances Jejunal Motility via Excitation of the Parasympathetic System in Rats and Mice

Acupuncture at heterotopic acupoints facilitates distal colonic motility via activating M3 receptors and somatic afferent C‐fibers in normal, constipated, or diarrhoeic rats

β1/2 or M2/3 Receptors Are Required for Different Gastrointestinal Motility Responses Induced by Acupuncture at Heterotopic or Homotopic Acupoints

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Acupuncture at heterotopic acupoints facilitates distal colonic motility via activating M₃ receptors and somatic afferent C‐fibers in normal, constipated, or diarrhoeic rats