Acute Acquired Concomitant Esotropia From Excessive Application of Near Vision During the COVID-19 Lockdown

Vagge, Aldo; Giannaccare, Giuseppe; Scarinci, Fabio; Cacciamani, Andrea; Pellegrini, Marco; Bernabei, Federico; Scorcia, Vincenzo; Traverso, Carlo Enrico; Bruzzichessi, Donatella

doi:10.3928/01913913-20200828-01

Cited by 53 publications

(64 citation statements)

References 9 publications

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“…However, digital eye strain is a result of the current restriction measures that have led to an imposed home confinement (33). Visual fatigue can also induce acute acquired concomitant esotropia, which was reported during the COVID-19 pandemic (34).…”

Section: Visual Fatiguementioning

confidence: 99%

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Online Learning-Related Visual Function Impairment During and After the COVID-19 Pandemic

Fan

Wang

Kong

et al. 2021

Front. Public Health

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This study aimed to review the consequences of increased online learning, which was precipitated by the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), on visual function, as well as the methods for preventing the associated visual impairment. The recent finding implies that a higher incidence of myopia may be observed during the pandemic than that before. The myopia prevalence was 59.35% in COVID-19, which was higher than that in the normal period. COVID-19-related influence of developing myopia among students should be addressed and under control. Online learning precipitated by COVID-19 is likely to increase the global burden of visual function impairment. This review highlighted useful measures to prevent online learning-related visual function impairments, including the following: (1) desktop illumination of no >300 lx, online learning time for primary, and middle-school students of no more than 20–30 min per session; (2) daily video time for preschool children not exceeding 1 h, and for school-age children and adolescents not exceeding 2 h; (3) after every 30–40 min of online learning, moving eyes away from the screen or closed for 10 min; (4) engaging in outdoor activities for ≥ 2 h a day; (5) suitable screen and learning environment settings and correct postures for reading and writing; (6) sufficient sleep and proper nutrition. Preventing online learning-related visual impairment during and after this unprecedented pandemic will facilitate future ophthalmic practice.

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Section: Visual Fatiguementioning

confidence: 99%

“…Long-term close-distance work can induce overregulatory aggregation of both eyes and lead to morbidity, which is manifested as sudden esotropia or esotropia with diplopia and binocular vision (51). Intense near work can also induce acute acquired concomitant esotropia, which was reported during the COVID-19 pandemic (34).…”

Section: Acute Concomitant Esotropiamentioning

confidence: 99%

Online Learning-Related Visual Function Impairment During and After the COVID-19 Pandemic

Fan

Wang

Kong

et al. 2021

Front. Public Health

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“…37,38 Accommodation spasm and sudden onset esotropia are important consequences. 39 The former presents with an acute, rapid increase in myopia and requires dynamic, cycloplegic retinoscopy, and a comprehensive assessment of the binocular visual field. 33 Receded near the point of convergence, large near exophoria, reduced near the point of accommodation, and lag of accommodation greater than +1.25 diopter sphere demand further assessment for non-strabismic binocular vision dysfunction.…”

Section: What Is Newmentioning

confidence: 99%

COVID-19 outbreak and increased risk of amblyopia and epidemic myopia: Insights from EUROCOVCAT group

Toro

Brémond‐Gignac

Brézin

et al. 2021

European Journal of Ophthalmology

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The most common cause of vision impairment in children is amblyopia. It is defined as impaired visual acuity in one or both eyes that is present with no demonstrable abnormality of the visual pathway and is not immediately resolved by wearing glasses. After the World Health Organization (WHO) recognized COVID-19 as a global pandemic on March 11, 2020, widespread changes and restrictions to social and sanitary practices have presented significant issues in access to eye care during the COVID-19 pandemic. A reduction of more than 80% in pediatric eye care volume up to its total cessation has been observed in different departments. In this scenario, reduced or absent eyesight, due to delay in timely treatment of amblyopic conditions, could create major, long-lasting effects on all aspects of life, including daily personal activities, interacting with the community, school and work opportunities and the ability to access public services. Processes coming out of lockdown should be gradually easing restrictions giving priority to ophthalmology and eye care facilities so that amblyopia does not remain unattended and irreversible as in adults due to lack of timely treatments. If not reversible, this process could lead to a dramatic increase in disability and unsustainable social costs for many governments.

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“…Thus, the recommendations made by the expert group are specific [3] In this context, COVID-19 resulted in major changes in the field of ophthalmology [4][5][6][7][8][9][10]. The rationale behind the need for special adaptations stems from the fact that children are not only a vulnerable group to SARS-CoV-2 infection, but also pose a greater threat to transmitting the infection [11][12][13].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Major ophthalmological outcomes of the e-learning process in children and guidelines at COVID-19: a concise systematic review

Moura¹,

Murad²,

Daher³

et al. 2022

MedNEXT

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Introduction: The effects on human health caused by the severe acute respiratory syndrome of coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) lead to several problems in the health, highlighted for ophthalmological diseases. The COVID-19 pandemic caused changes in eye care. In this sense, guidelines on safe ophthalmic practice have been developed worldwide. Objective: To present the main guidelines and considerations about the relationship between COVID-19 and eye care, especially to children and strabismus due to prolonged use of electronic devices. Methods: The research was carried out from June 2021 to August 2021 and developed based on Scopus, PubMed, Science Direct, Scielo, and Google Scholar, following the Systematic Review-PRISMA rules. The quality of the studies was based on the GRADE instrument and the risk of bias was analyzed according to the Cochrane instrument. Results: After the selectivity of articles and literary findings through the following descriptors COVID-19, SARS-CoV-2, a total of 58 studies were analyzed, with only 20 medium and high-quality studies selected, according to the rules of the GRADE, and with bias risks that do not compromise scientific development, based on the Cochrane instrument. Early diagnosis and intervention are imperative. A specific set of guidelines for evaluating and managing cases of COVID-19 in children has been established to examine cases of pediatric ophthalmology and strabismus. These measures are necessary, given that the pandemic may still have a long duration. In this regard, although several forms of strabismus can be treated conservatively, without the need for surgery, most require surgical intervention. Strabismus can be treated conservatively for a short period with orthoptic exercises, occlusion therapy, and prism glasses. The teleconsultation platform can provide primary eye care. Prolonging the use of smartphones for e-learning can lead to acute acquired comiche esotropia in children. Conclusion: According to global guidelines, it is imperative to establish more specifically the care of children with strabismus in the COVID-19 pandemic. Examination of children must be performed according to the protocol recommended by the guidelines. Strabismus can be treated conservatively for a short period with orthoptic exercises, occlusion therapy, and prism glasses.

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Acute Acquired Concomitant Esotropia From Excessive Application of Near Vision During the COVID-19 Lockdown

Cited by 53 publications

References 9 publications

Online Learning-Related Visual Function Impairment During and After the COVID-19 Pandemic

Online Learning-Related Visual Function Impairment During and After the COVID-19 Pandemic

COVID-19 outbreak and increased risk of amblyopia and epidemic myopia: Insights from EUROCOVCAT group

Major ophthalmological outcomes of the e-learning process in children and guidelines at COVID-19: a concise systematic review

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