Acute and Chronic Effects of Exercise on Appetite, Energy Intake and Appetite-Related Hormones: the Modulating Effect of Adiposity, Sex and Habitual Physical Activity

Abstract

Exercise facilitates weight control, partly through effects on appetite regulation. Single bouts of exercise induce a short-term energy deficit without stimulating compensatory effects on appetite, whilst limited evidence suggests that exercise training may modify subjective and homeostatic mediators of appetite in directions associated with enhanced meal-induced satiety.However, large variability in responses exists between individuals. This article reviews the evidence relating to how adiposity, sex and habitual physical activity modulate exercise-induced appetite, energy intake and appetite-related hormone responses. The balance of evidence suggests that adiposity and sex do not modify appetite or energy intake responses to acute or chronic exercise interventions, but individuals with higher habitual physical activity levels may better adjust energy intake in response to energy balance perturbations. The effect of these individual characteristics and behaviours on appetite-related hormone responses to exercise remains equivocal. These findings support the continued promotion of exercise as a strategy for inducing short-term energy deficits irrespective of adiposity and sex, as well as the ability of exercise to positively influence energy balance over the longer term. Future well-controlled studies are required to further ascertain potential mediators of appetite responses to exercise.

The Road to the UCI: Profiling a professional Brazilian female road cycling team

“…Our data showed that these female professional Three of the athletes spent most of their training and competition days in sub-optimal EEA, with Athlete 4 performing up to 66% of her competition days in low EEA according to our estimations. Cyclists have been shown to be susceptible to low EA due to several reasons including practical difficulties of matching the energy expenditure during prolonged periods of cycling [18], while hunger may be suppressed for several hours following strenuous exercise [19]. The cyclists here reported particular difficulty in maintaining their dietary needs when traveling to foreign countries due to cultural differences in cuisine.…”

Effect of medium-chain TAG and exercise on satiety, energy intake and energy balance

“…GE was measured by adding 100 mg 13 C octanoic acid (Euriso-top) to the breakfast. Octanoic acid is a medium-chain fatty acid retained in food in the stomach but is rapidly absorbed in the duodenum and carried via the portal venous system to the liver where it is completely oxidised.…”

“…Participants were provided with a breakfast that acted as a vehicle for the oils immediately after baseline measurements were taken. The breakfast consisted of porridge, semi-skimmed milk, honey, the added lipid and 13 At 4 h, participants were provided with a multi-choice ad libitum meal consisting of pasta with meat-free Bolognese sauce and cheese, white bread, cooked meats, sliced cheese, bananas, apples, oranges, chocolate biscuits and fruit juices.…”

“…This, combined with the energy expended during exercise, results in significant energy deficits (11) . The mechanisms of exerciseinduced anorexia differ to those of MCT, as acylated ghrelin, a potent stimulator of hunger, is suppressed in response to exercise (11,12) , and anorexigenic hormones such as peptide tyrosine tyrosine (PYY), glucagon-like peptide-1 and pancreatic polypeptide are transiently elevated in the postexercise period (13) . Thus, it is possible that the combination of MCT and exercise may cumulate in a greater energy-deficit effect via these separate mechanisms, though this is currently not known.…”

“…Abbreviations: Con-Ex, exercise trial with control oil; Con-R, resting trial with control oil; 13 C-TTP, time to peak 13 C enrichment; DIT, dietary-induced thermogenesis; EE, energy expenditure; GE, gastric emptying; LCT, long-chain TAG; MCT, medium-chain TAG; MCT-Ex, exercise trial with MCT oil; MCT-R, resting trial with MCT oil; VAS, visual analogue scales.…”