Acute and long-term effects of resistance exercise with or without protein ingestion on muscle hypertrophy and gene expression

Hulmi, Juha J.; Kovanen, Vuokko; Selänne, Harri; Kraemer, William J.; Häkkinen, Keijo; Mero, Antti

doi:10.1007/s00726-008-0150-6

Cited by 159 publications

(163 citation statements)

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“…In some of the experiments within this investigation, dietary intake of the subjects was registered by dietary diaries and analyzed for overall nutritional status and daily macronutrient intake. The mean protein intake per body mass varied in younger subjects between 1.3 and 1.7 g/kg/ day Ahtiainen et al 2011;Mero et al 2013) and in middle-aged and older subjects between 0.9 and 1.3 g/kg/day (Sallinen et al 2007;Hulmi et al 2009;Ahtiainen et al 2009;Sillanpää et al 2010;Ahtiainen et al 2011;Mero et al 2013). Hence, the protein intake in the majority of these subjects were above the recommended dietary allowance (RDA) of 0.8 g/kg/day and, therefore, adequate to meet the requirements for RT-induced muscular adaptations also in older adults (Campbell and Leidy 2007).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Heterogeneity in resistance training-induced muscle strength and mass responses in men and women of different ages

Ahtiainen

Walker

Peltonen

et al. 2016

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174

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Physical activity recommendations for public health include typically muscle-strengthening activities for a minimum of 2 days a week. The range of interindividual variation in responses to resistance training (RT) aiming to improve health and well-being requires to be investigated. The purpose of this study was to quantify high and low responders for RT-induced changes in muscle size and strength and to examine possible effects of age and sex on these responses. Previously collected data of untrained healthy men and women (age 19 to 78 years, n = 287 with 72 controls) were pooled for the present study. Muscle size and strength changed during RT are 4.8 ± 6.1 % (range from −11 to 30 %) and 21.1 ± 11.5 % (range from −8 to 60 %) compared to pre-RT, respectively. Age and sex did not affect to the RT responses. Fourteen percent and 12 % of the subjects were defined as high responders (>1 standard deviation (SD) from the group mean) for the RT-induced changes in muscle size and strength, respectively. When taking into account the results of nontraining controls (upper 95 % CI), 29 and 7 % of the subjects were defined as low responders for the RTinduced changes in muscle size and strength, respectively. The muscle size and strength responses varied extensively between the subjects regardless of subject's age and sex. Whether these changes are associated with, e.g., functional capacity and metabolic health improvements due to RT requires further studies.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Heterogeneity in resistance training-induced muscle strength and mass responses in men and women of different ages

Ahtiainen

Walker

Peltonen

et al. 2016

AGE

Self Cite

174

150

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“…The subjects were recruited for the study by advertising in newspapers and through e-mail lists. A subgroup from a previous study (22) was used in the present study.…”

Section: Subjectsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Recovery time between the sets was 2 min. The first set started with the 75% 1RM load based on the two earlier strength tests to measure baseline strength of the subjects (22). The loads were adjusted during the course of the RE bout due to fatigue so that each subject would be able to perform 10 repetitions at each set.…”

Section: Heavy Re Protocol and Nutritional Supplementation Before Andmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The only published studies so far on the myostatin response in humans to a bout of RE or long-term RT combined with protein ingestion are based on studies carried out recently in our laboratory (21,22). These studies suggested that protein ingestion may acutely hinder the RE-induced decrease in myostatin mRNA expression in both young and old men; however, it remains unknown whether that would also lead to a change in a protein level of myostatin.…”

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Resistance exercise with whey protein ingestion affects mTOR signaling pathway and myostatin in men

Hulmi¹,

Tannerstedt²,

Selänne³

et al. 2009

Journal of Applied Physiology

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124

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Hulmi JJ, Tannerstedt J, Selä nne H, Kainulainen H, Kovanen V, Mero AA. Resistance exercise with whey protein ingestion affects mTOR signaling pathway and myostatin in men. J Appl Physiol 106: 1720 -1729. First published March 19, 2009 doi:10.1152/japplphysiol.00087.2009.-Signaling pathways sense local and systemic signals and regulate muscle hypertrophy. The effects of whey protein ingestion on acute and long-term signaling responses of resistance exercise are not well known. Previously untrained young men were randomized into protein (n ϭ 9), placebo (n ϭ 9), and control (n ϭ 11) groups. Vastus lateralis (VL) muscle biopsies were taken before and 1 h and 48 h after a leg press of 5 ϫ 10 repetitions [resistance exercise (RE)] and after 21 wk (2 times per week) of resistance training (RT). Protein (15 g of whey) or nonenergetic placebo was ingested before and after a single RE bout and each RE workout throughout the RT. The protein group increased its body mass and VL muscle thickness (measured by ultrasonography) already at week 10.5 (P Ͻ 0.05). At week 21, the protein and placebo groups had similarly increased their myofiber size. No changes were observed in the nonexercised controls. However, the phosphorylation of p70 S6K and ribosomal protein S6 (rpS6) were increased at 1 h post-RE measured by Western blotting, the former being the greatest with protein ingestion. Mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) phosphorylation was increased after the RE bout and RT only in the protein group, whereas the protein ingestion prevented the post-RE decrease in phosphorylated eukaryotic initiation factor 4E binding protein 1 (p-4E-BP1). Akt phosphorylation decreased after RT, whereas no change was observed in phosphorylated eukaryotic elongation factor 2. A post-RE decrease in muscle myostatin protein occurred only in the placebo group. The results indicate that resistance exercise rapidly increases mTOR signaling and may decrease myostatin protein expression in muscle and that whey protein increases and prolongs the mTOR signaling response.hypertrophy; training; nutrition; S6K1; skeletal muscle ADEQUATE MUSCLE MASS is crucial for human well-being. It is, therefore, important to identify the mechanisms that stimulate muscle hypertrophy or prevent atrophy. The most efficient way to increase the size of a skeletal muscle is by resistance training (RT) in combination with protein-containing nutrition. Muscle hypertrophy due to RT and protein nutrition seems largely to result from cumulative acute increases in muscle protein synthesis. One resistance exercise (RE) bout can within 1 h increase muscle protein synthesis (9), which can last up to 72 h after exercise (39). Protein ingestion before or after a bout of RE has been shown to significantly enhance this response (52) and be possibly more beneficial in terms of muscle hypertrophy than nutrient ingestion at other times of day (7, 11). It would thus be important to understand how protein ingestion affects pathways regulating intracellular hypertrophy of muscle in the context ...

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“…In summary, although several studies have analyzed the effect of whey protein supplementation on resistance training performance and outcomes [6][7][8][9], only some of them have specifically focused on resistance training individuals [10,11,3,12]. Indeed, only a few studies were focused on recreationally or well strength-trained athletes, and have reported a positive effect of whey, administered alone or combined with other nutrients, to maximize strength [13,2], lean body mass (LBM) or fat free mass (FFM) gains [2,14].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Effects of Whey Protein Alone or as Part of a Multi-ingredient Formulation on Strength, Fat-Free Mass, or Lean Body Mass in Resistance-Trained Individuals: A Meta-analysis

Naclerio

Larumbe-Zabala

2015

Sports Med

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Background: Even though the positive effects of whey protein-containing supplements for optimizing the anabolic responses and adaptations process in resistance-trained individuals have been supported by several investigations, their use continues to be controversial. Additionally, the administration of different multi-ingredient (MTN) formulations where whey proteins are combined with carbohydrates, other protein sources, creatine and amino acids or derivatives, have been extensively proposed as an effective strategy to maximize strength and muscle mass gains in athletes.Objective: We aimed to systematically summarize and quantify whether whey proteincontaining supplements, administered alone or as a part of a multi-ingredient, could improve the effects of resistance training on fat free mass or lean body mass, and strength in resistance trained individuals when compared to other iso-energetic supplements containing carbohydrates or other sources of proteins.Design: A structured literature search was conducted on PubMed, Science Direct, Web of Science, Cochrane Libraries, U.S. National Institutes of Health clinicaltrials.gov, SPORTDiscus and Google Scholar databases. Main inclusion criteria comprised randomized controlled trial (RCT) study design, adults (18 years and over), resistance trained individuals, interventions (a resistance training program for a period of 6 weeks or longer, combined with whey protein supplementation administered alone or as a part of a multi-ingredient), and a calorie equivalent contrast supplement from carbohydrates or other non-whey protein sources. Continuous data on fat-free mass and lean body mass, and maximal strength were pooled using a random-effects model.Results: Data from 9 RCTs were included, involving 11 treatments and 192 participants. LimitationsStudies involving interventions of more than 6 weeks on resistance training individuals are scarce and account for small number of participants. Furthermore, no studies with intervention longer than 12 weeks have been found. The variation regarding the supplementation protocol, namely the different doses criteria or timing of ingestion also add some concerns to the studies comparison. ConclusionsWhey protein alone or as a part of a multi-ingredient appears to maximize lean body mass or fat free mass gain, as well as upper and lower body strength improvement with respect The final publication is available at Springer via http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s40279-015-0403-y 4 to the ingestion of an iso-energetic equivalent carbohydrate or non-whey protein supplement in resistance training individuals. This enhancement effect seems to be more evident when whey proteins are consumed within a multi-ingredient containing creatine. Key Points1. Resistance training combined with supplements containing whey protein in trained individuals is associated with extra increases in fat-free mass or lean body mass and upper and lower body maximal strength when compared with contrast groups consuming the same amount of energy from carbohydrate or...

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Acute and long-term effects of resistance exercise with or without protein ingestion on muscle hypertrophy and gene expression

Cited by 159 publications

References 50 publications

Heterogeneity in resistance training-induced muscle strength and mass responses in men and women of different ages

Heterogeneity in resistance training-induced muscle strength and mass responses in men and women of different ages

Resistance exercise with whey protein ingestion affects mTOR signaling pathway and myostatin in men

Effects of Whey Protein Alone or as Part of a Multi-ingredient Formulation on Strength, Fat-Free Mass, or Lean Body Mass in Resistance-Trained Individuals: A Meta-analysis

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