Acute and subchronic toxicity of xylo-oligosaccharide in mice and rats

Abstract

Xylo-oligosaccharide (XOS) is sugar oligomers composed of a β-1,4-linked xylopyranosyl backbone that are obtained by either chemical or, more commonly, enzymatic hydrolysis of xylan polysaccharides extracted from plant cell wall. In this study, acute and subchronic toxicity of XOS in mice and rats have been evaluated, respectively. In the acute study, no obvious clinical signs of toxicity or mortality were observed in mice at the dosage of 32 g/kg BW XOS, excepting transient unformed stools were observed. In the subchronic study, XOS was evaluated in rats with dietary administration at concentrations of 0 (control), 0.9, 2.9, 8.8 and 10% for 13 weeks. Measurements included clinical observations, body weight, food consumption, food conversion efficiency, hematology, blood chemistry, gross necropsy, organ weight and histopathology. Under the conditions, no treatment-related changes were noted in behavior or appearance of the rats and no mortalities occurred. No toxicological findings were found in food consumption, food conversion efficiency, hematology, clinical biochemistry or organ weights in either sex. It is concluded, therefore, that the high dose level, at which the female and male rats consumed about 11.51 and 14.95 g XOS/kg bw/d, respectively, is the no observed adverse effect level (NOAEL) of this 13-week toxicity study.

Potential Valorization of Hazelnut Shells through Extraction, Purification and Structural Characterization of Prebiotic Compounds: A Critical Review

“…Soft stools, vomiting, and diarrhoea were the adverse effects observed at doses of 6-14 g/kg body weight in dogs and 5-10 g/kg body weight in rats, but in both cases the animals recovered after one or two days [85]. No mortalities occurred in rats even when XOS dose was increased to 32 g/kg body weight [86]. Regarding clinical trials on humans, Xiao et al provided volunteers 10-12 g of XOS per day, observing a diarrhoea onset in the first day of consumption among 18% of the subjects, compared to 6% of the control.…”

The High Level of Xylooligosaccharides Improves Growth Performance in Weaned Piglets by Increasing Antioxidant Activity, Enhancing Immune Function, and Modulating Gut Microbiota

“…The XOS are produced from hydrolysis of xylan, which widely exist in plant cell wall and various agricultural waste or byproducts. The XOS are composed of 2-10 xylose monomers linked through β- (1,4) linkages with acidity and temperature stability, and non-toxicity (8)(9)(10). Many researches indicated that dietary supplementation of XOS improve the animal growth performance in weaning piglets and broiler chicken by enhancing immune functions, elevating antioxidant activity, increasing nutrient digestibility, and maintaining intestinal morphology and barrier (4,(11)(12)(13)(14).…”

Xylooligosaccharide Modulates Gut Microbiota and Alleviates Colonic Inflammation Caused by High Fat Diet Induced Obesity

“…Xylooligosaccharide (XOS) is a sugar oligomer of 2-7 xylose single molecules linked by β-1,4 (Jordan and Kurt, 2010), a hydrolysate of dietary fiber commonly found in corn stover, wheat bran and rice bran (Ma et al, 2017). XOS shows strong antioxidant and antibacterial activity in vitro (Gao et al, 2012). Although XOS cannot be digested by humans, it can be metabolized by intestinal microbes (Gao et al, 2017).…”