Acute cyanide poisoning due to apricot kernel ingestion

Tatlı, Mehmet; Eyüpoğlu, Gökhan; Hocagil, Hilal

doi:10.12980/jad.6.2017jadweb-2016-0075

Cited by 8 publications

(3 citation statements)

References 7 publications

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“…Clinical symptoms of acute cyanide poisoning, which usually occur less than 1 min after inhalation and within a few minutes after ingestion, include rapid respiration, a drop in blood pressure, rapid pulse, headache, dizziness, vomiting, abdominal pain, diarrhea, mental confusion, stupor, blue discoloration of the skin due to lack of oxygen (cyanosis), twitching and convulsions to coma and death [ 19 , 20 , 21 ]. A series of poisoning cases (adults, children, livestock) has been reported from the ingestion of bitter apricot kernels [ 21 , 22 , 23 , 24 , 25 , 26 , 27 , 28 ]. Long-term exposure to sublethal concentrations of cyanogenic glycosides can present ongoing health issues, such as Konzo, an irreversible motor neuron disease with clinical signs including the inability to walk, limited arm movement, and speech difficulties [ 29 , 30 ].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Accumulation Pattern of Amygdalin and Prunasin and Its Correlation with Fruit and Kernel Agronomic Characteristics during Apricot (Prunus armeniaca L.) Kernel Development

Deng

Cui

Zhu

et al. 2021

Foods

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To reveal the accumulation pattern of cyanogenic glycosides (amygdalin and prunasin) in bitter apricot kernels to further understand the metabolic mechanisms underlying differential accumulation during kernel development and ripening and explore the association between cyanogenic glycoside accumulation and the physical, chemical and biochemical indexes of fruits and kernels during fruit and kernel development, dynamic changes in physical characteristics (weight, moisture content, linear dimensions, derived parameters) and chemical and biochemical parameters (oil, amygdalin and prunasin contents, β-glucosidase activity) of fruits and kernels from ten apricot (Prunus armeniaca L.) cultivars were systematically studied at 10 day intervals, from 20 days after flowering (DAF) until maturity. High variability in most of physical, chemical and biochemical parameters was found among the evaluated apricot cultivars and at different ripening stages. Kernel oil accumulation showed similar sigmoid patterns. Amygdalin and prunasin levels were undetectable in the sweet kernel cultivars throughout kernel development. During the early stages of apricot fruit development (before 50 DAF), the prunasin level in bitter kernels first increased, then decreased markedly; while the amygdalin level was present in quite small amounts and significantly lower than the prunasin level. From 50 to 70 DAF, prunasin further declined to zero; while amygdalin increased linearly and was significantly higher than the prunasin level, then decreased or increased slowly until full maturity. The cyanogenic glycoside accumulation pattern indicated a shift from a prunasin-dominated to an amygdalin-dominated state during bitter apricot kernel development and ripening. β-glucosidase catabolic enzyme activity was high during kernel development and ripening in all tested apricot cultivars, indicating that β-glucosidase was not important for amygdalin accumulation. Correlation analysis showed a positive correlation of kernel amygdalin content with fruit dimension parameters, kernel oil content and β-glucosidase activity, but no or a weak positive correlation with kernel dimension parameters. Principal component analysis (PCA) showed that the variance accumulation contribution rate of the first three principal components totaled 84.56%, and not only revealed differences in amygdalin and prunasin contents and β-glucosidase activity among cultivars, but also distinguished different developmental stages. The results can help us understand the metabolic mechanisms underlying differential cyanogenic glycoside accumulation in apricot kernels and provide a useful reference for breeding high- or low-amygdalin-content apricot cultivars and the agronomic management, intensive processing and exploitation of bitter apricot kernels.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Accumulation Pattern of Amygdalin and Prunasin and Its Correlation with Fruit and Kernel Agronomic Characteristics during Apricot (Prunus armeniaca L.) Kernel Development

Deng

Cui

Zhu

et al. 2021

Foods

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“…In general, the consumption of apricot seeds is limited because of various levels of the cyanogenic glycoside amygdalin (Miller, Anderson, & Stoewsand, 1981;Kolesárová et al, 2017;Tatli, Eyüpoğlu, & Hocagil, 2017). Amygdalin content in bitter apricot seeds has been reported to be approximately 3 or 4 % by weight (Hayta & Alpaslan, 2011), and amygdalin may even rise up to 8 % in these seeds (Kopčeková et al, 2018).…”

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confidence: 99%

Long‐term peroral administration of bitter apricot seeds influences cortical bone microstructure of rabbits

Kováčová¹,

Sarocka²,

Blahová³

et al. 2019

Animal Physiology Nutrition

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Apricot seeds due to the presence of cyanogenic glycoside amygdalin belong to the popular “alternative cancer cures", although anticancer effect of amygdalin remains controversial. This in vivo study points to the effect of long‐term peroral administration of bitter apricot seeds on bone microstructure of rabbits since chronic amygdalin toxicity in relation to bone parameters has not been investigated yet. Rabbits (n = 16) were randomly divided into four experimental groups of 4 animals each. Three experimental groups S1, S2 and S3 received commercial feed for rabbits mixed with crushed bitter apricot seeds at doses 60, 300 and 420 mg/kg bw during five months, respectively. The control (C) group received no apricot seeds. The long‐term consumption of apricot seeds had no impact on total body weight, femoral weight and femoral length of rabbits. Also, microcomputed tomography (3D analysis) of cortical and trabecular bone tissues did not reveal any significant impact of amygdalin toxicity on relative bone volume, BMD, cortical bone thickness, bone surface, trabecular number, thickness, and their separation. On the other hand, histological (2D) analysis demonstrated evident changes in cortical bone microstructure consistent with a decreased density of secondary osteons in the middle part of substantia compacta due to a replacement of Haversian bone tissue by plexiform bone tissue, vasoconstriction in the primary osteons' vascular canals, Haversian canals, and decreased sizes of secondary osteons in rabbits from S1, S2 and S3 groups. These negative changes are associated with different vascularization and biomechanical properties of cortical bones.

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“…12 The patient was a 41-year-old woman presented with nearly the same symptoms after ingestion of 30 apricot kernels. The other published case reports 12,[16][17][18][19][20][21][22][23][24][25][26][27][28][29][30] from various parts of the world including our country are listed in Appendix Table 1.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Cyanide intoxication by apricot kernels: A case report and literature review

et al. 2019

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Acute cyanide intoxication is a serious healthcare problem due to its potentially life threatening and fatal toxic effects. Ingestion of cyanide containing foods is an important source of cyanide poisoning and apricot kernels contain significant amounts of such cyanogenic compounds. Herein we report a previously healthy 4- year-old boy admitted to our emergency department with complaints of vomiting and sudden onset of unconsciousness after ingestion of apricot kernels. He was diagnosed as acute cyanide poisoning and treated with a specific antidote; hydroxocobalamin. Our report concludes with previous cases of cyanide poisoning after ingestion of apricot kernels and a quick look at sources, manifestations and treatment of acute cyanide poisoning.

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Acute cyanide poisoning due to apricot kernel ingestion

Cited by 8 publications

References 7 publications

Accumulation Pattern of Amygdalin and Prunasin and Its Correlation with Fruit and Kernel Agronomic Characteristics during Apricot (Prunus armeniaca L.) Kernel Development

Accumulation Pattern of Amygdalin and Prunasin and Its Correlation with Fruit and Kernel Agronomic Characteristics during Apricot (Prunus armeniaca L.) Kernel Development

Long‐term peroral administration of bitter apricot seeds influences cortical bone microstructure of rabbits

Cyanide intoxication by apricot kernels: A case report and literature review

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