Acute decrease in serum testosterone after a mixed glucose and protein beverage in obese peripubertal boys

Schwartz, Alexander; Patel, Barkha P.; Vien, Shirley; McCrindle, Brian W.; Anderson, G. Harvey; Hamilton, Jill

doi:10.1111/cen.12630

Cited by 7 publications

(10 citation statements)

References 41 publications

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“…A decrease in testosterone has been reported in adult males after glucose ingestion 13 and in overweight adolescent boys given a combined protein/glucose beverage. 14 The novel contribution of this study is that it shows that whey protein suppresses testosterone, and may have a longer duration of effect than glucose suppression, indicating that the effects of food ingestion are not only explained by energy sensing. Further support for a greater role of protein over carbohydrate ingestion and its greater duration of effect arises from observations of lower fasting testosterone concentrations in adult males following high protein (low carbohydrate) diets.…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 54%

“…The testosterone decrease in response to protein and glucose ingestion is consistent with previous research. A decrease in testosterone has been reported in adult males after glucose ingestion and in overweight adolescent boys given a combined protein/glucose beverage . The novel contribution of this study is that it shows that whey protein suppresses testosterone, and may have a longer duration of effect than glucose suppression, indicating that the effects of food ingestion are not only explained by energy sensing.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 89%

“…Plasma was separated and stored at −80ºC for later measurement of testosterone, glucose, insulin, glucagon‐like peptide‐1 (GLP‐1, active), active ghrelin and luteinizing hormone (LH). The pizza meal was provided at 65 minutes as it was 60 minutes after completion of the drink, when a postglucose load nadir for testosterone is reached in adults and following a mixed protein and glucose beverage in adolescent males …”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…After a 12‐hours fast, participants arrived at 08:30 am and were administered a motivation‐to‐eat VAS, which measures dimensions of subjective appetite and has been previously validated for use in boys after glucose and whey protein preloads . Protein and glucose beverages were chosen as previous research indicates that a mixed beverage in adolescent males results in decreased testosterone, but independent contribution of each remains unclear. The 100‐mm scale was composed of four questions anchored at each end with contrasting terms: (a) How strong is your desire to eat?…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…However, there has been little exploration of the effects of FI ingestion on acute responses in testosterone concentrations or the acute effects of testosterone on FI, appetite or appetite regulatory hormones in humans. Ingestion of glucose by adult men or a mixed drink of glucose and protein by adolescent males decreases testosterone concentrations. In adult males, a rapid 25% decrease and suppression of testosterone levels over two hours was found after a 75 g oral glucose tolerance test .…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Acute decrease in plasma testosterone and appetite after either glucose or protein beverages in adolescent males

Schwartz

Hunschede

Lacombe

et al. 2019

Clinical Endocrinology

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Objective Chronic testosterone blood concentrations associate with food intake (FI), but acute effects of testosterone on appetite and effect of protein and glucose consumption on testosterone response have had little examination. Methods In a randomized, crossover study, twenty‐three adolescent (12‐18 years old) males were given beverages containing either: (a) whey protein (1 g/kg body weight), (b) glucose (1 g/kg body weight) or (c) a calorie‐free control (C). Plasma testosterone, luteinizing hormone (LH), GLP‐1 (active), ghrelin (acylated), glucose, insulin and subjective appetite were measured prior (0) and at 20, 35 and 65 minutes after the consumption of the beverage. FI at an ad libitum pizza meal was assessed at 85 minutes. Results Testosterone decreased acutely to 20 minutes after both protein and glucose with the decrease continuing after protein but not glucose to 65 minutes (P = 0.0382). LH was also decreased by both protein and glucose, but glucose had no effect at 20 minutes in contrast to protein (P < 0.001). Plasma testosterone concentration correlated positively with LH (r = 0.58762, P < 0.0001) and negatively with GLP‐1 (r = −0.50656, P = 0.0003). No associations with appetite, ghrelin or glycaemic markers were found. Food intake was not affected by treatments. Conclusion Protein or glucose ingestion results in acute decreases in both plasma testosterone and LH in adolescent males. The physiological significance of this response remains to be determined as no support for testosterone's role in acute regulation of food intake was found.

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 54%

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 89%

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

See 3 more Smart Citations

Acute decrease in plasma testosterone and appetite after either glucose or protein beverages in adolescent males

Schwartz

Hunschede

Lacombe

et al. 2019

Clinical Endocrinology

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The role of glucagon-like peptide-1 in reproduction: from physiology to therapeutic perspective

Jensterle

Fliers

DeVries

et al. 2019

Human Reproduction Update

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BACKGROUND Glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) receptor agonists (GLP-1 RAs) have become firmly established in the treatment of type 2 diabetes and obesity, disorders frequently associated with diminished reproductive health. Understanding of the role of GLP-1 and GLP-1 RAs in reproduction is currently limited and largely unaddressed in clinical studies. OBJECTIVE AND RATIONALE The purpose of this narrative review is to provide a comprehensive overview of the role of GLP-1 in reproduction and to address a therapeutic perspective that can be derived from these findings. SEARCH METHODS We performed a series of PubMed database systemic searches, last updated on 1 February 2019, supplemented by the authors’ knowledge and research experience in the field. A search algorithm was developed incorporating the terms glucagon-like peptide-1, GLP-1, glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor, GLP-1R, or incretins, and this was combined with terms related to reproductive health. The PICO (Population, Intervention, Comparison, Outcome) framework was used to identify interventional studies including GLP-1 RAs and dipeptidyl peptidase-4 (DPP-4) inhibitors, which prevent the degradation of endogenously released GLP-1. We identified 983 potentially relevant references. At the end of the screening process, we included 6 observational (3 preclinical and 3 human) studies, 24 interventional (9 preclinical and 15 human) studies, 4 case reports, and 1 systematic and 2 narrative reviews. OUTCOMES The anatomical distribution of GLP-1 receptor throughout the reproductive system and observed effects of GLP-1 in preclinical models and in a few clinical studies indicate that GLP-1 might be one of the important modulating signals connecting the reproductive and metabolic system. The outcomes show that there is mostly stimulating role of GLP-1 and its mimetics in mammalian reproduction that goes beyond mere weight reduction. In addition, GLP-1 seems to have anti-inflammatory and anti-fibrotic effects in the gonads and the endometrium affected by obesity, diabetes, and polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS). It also seems that GLP-1 RAs and DPP-4 inhibitors can reverse polycystic ovary morphology in preclinical models and decrease serum concentrations of androgens and their bioavailability in women with PCOS. Preliminary data from interventional clinical studies suggest improved menstrual regularity as well as increased fertility rates in overweight and/or obese women with PCOS treated with GLP-1 RAs in the preconception period. WIDER IMPLICATIONS GLP-1 RAs and DPP-4 inhibitors show promise in the treatment of diabetes and obesity-related subfertility. Larger interventional studies are needed to establish the role of preconception intervention with GLP-1 based therapies, assessing fertility outcomes in obesity, PCOS, and diabetes-related fertility problems. The potential impact of the dose- and exposure time-response of different GLP-1 RAs need further exploration. Future research should also investigate sex-specific variability of GLP-1 on reproductive outcomes, in particular on the gonads where the observations in males are most conflicting.

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Oral 3‐hydroxybuturate ingestion acutely lowers circulating testosterone concentrations in healthy young males

Svart

Nielsen

Rittig

et al. 2023

Scandinavian Med Sci Sports

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Ketone bodies, such as 3‐hydroxybutyrate (3‐OHB), have been frequently used by endurance athletes, such as cyclists, to enhance performance and recovery and are recognized for their health benefits and therapeutic effects for decades. Testosterone is a potent regulator of red blood cell production. Evidence suggests that ketone bodies can increase the production of erythropoietin, which stimulates red blood cell production. Therefore, we investigated whether an acute increase in 3‐OHB levels affects testosterone levels in healthy young men. We studied six healthy, young male participants who fasted overnight and were tested twice: (i) after drinking 37.5 g of Na‐D/L‐3‐OHB dissolved in 500 mL of distilled water (KET), and (ii) after drinking 500 mL of placebo saline water (0.9% NaCl) (CTR). During the KET trial, 3‐OHB levels increased to approximately 2.5 mM. Testosterone levels decreased significantly by 20% during KET compared to 3% during CTR. A simultaneous increase in luteinizing hormone was observed in KET. We observed no changes in other adrenal androgens, such as androstenedione and 11‐keto androgens. In conclusion, an acute increase in 3‐OHB levels decreases testosterone levels. Concomitantly, an increase in luteinizing hormone was observed. This suggests that 3‐OHB may counteract some of the beneficial effects of endurance training. Further studies, involving larger sample sizes and performance outcomes, are required to fully understand this phenomenon.

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Acute decrease in serum testosterone after a mixed glucose and protein beverage in obese peripubertal boys

Abstract: Intake of a mixed glucose/protein beverage acutely decreases T levels in overweight and obese peripubertal boys. A potential mechanism for this decrease may be secondary to an acute decrease in LH, but this requires further evaluation.

Cited by 7 publications

References 41 publications

Acute decrease in plasma testosterone and appetite after either glucose or protein beverages in adolescent males

Acute decrease in plasma testosterone and appetite after either glucose or protein beverages in adolescent males

The role of glucagon-like peptide-1 in reproduction: from physiology to therapeutic perspective

Oral 3‐hydroxybuturate ingestion acutely lowers circulating testosterone concentrations in healthy young males

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