Acute Effects of Enhanced Eccentric and Concentric Resistance Exercise on Metabolism and Inflammation

Abstract

This study compared the metabolic, cardiopulmonary and inflammatory responses of novel acute machine based concentrically-focused resistance exercise (CON RX) and eccentrically-focused resistance exercise (ECC RX). Twenty healthy adults (26.8 ± 5.9 yrs; 25.4 ± 4.0 kg/m2) performed two work-matched RX exercise sessions. Cardiopulmonary responses, rating of perceived exertion (RPE), soreness, oxygen consumption; (VO2) were collected during each session. Blood lactate and levels of inflammatory cytokines interleukin-1 alpha (IL1α), interleukin-6 (IL6) and tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNFα) were analyzed pre, post ad 24 hours post-exercise. HR were higher (5-15bpm) during ECC RX (p<.05). Soreness ratings were consistently higher post-ECC RX compared to CON RX. VO2 area under the curve was higher during ECC than CON (31,905 ml/kg/min vs 25,864 ml/kg/min; p<.0001). Post-ECC RX, TNFα levels increased compared to CON RX 23.2 ± 23.9% versus 6.3 ± 16.2% ( p=.021). ECC RX induced greater metabolic, cardiopulmonary and soreness responses compared to matched CON RX. This may be due to recruitment of additional stabilizer muscles and metabolic stress during the ECC RX. These factors should be considered when designing ECC RX programs particularly for untrained persons, older adults or those with history of cardiovascular disease.

Muscle and Systemic Molecular Responses to a Single Flywheel Based Iso-Inertial Training Session in Resistance-Trained Men

“…The systemic responses to eccentric exercise comprise leukocytes activation and serum increase in muscle damage [e.g., muscle creatine kinase (CKM)] and inflammation (e.g., IL-6, IL-1 and IL-1ra) markers (Vincent et al, 2014). The systemic response to exercise also affects circulating micro-RNAs (miRNAs) and, particularly, skeletal-muscle specific miRNAs (e.g., miR-1, miR-133b, miR-206, and miR-499) (Kirby and McCarthy, 2013).…”

Beyond muscles: Investigating immunoregulatory myokines in acute resistance exercise – A systematic review and meta‐analysis

“…Thirty‐four studies, including 64 intervention groups with a total of 495 participants (89% male/11% female), were included in this systematic review and meta‐analysis. From the total of 34 studies included in the meta‐analyses, 29 studies investigated IL‐6 with 56 effect sizes, 55,74‐100 11 examined IL‐10 with 24 effect sizes, 55,74,75,77‐80,85,88,89,97 and further 5 analyzed IL‐1ra with 14 effect sizes 77,83‐85,97 . Nine studies with 15 effect sizes looked into TNF‐α, 75,78,87,89,96,98,101‐103 and five studies accounting for eight effect sizes investigated IL‐15 33,88,91,104,105 .…”

“…From the total of 34 studies included in the meta‐analyses, 29 studies investigated IL‐6 with 56 effect sizes, 55,74‐100 11 examined IL‐10 with 24 effect sizes, 55,74,75,77‐80,85,88,89,97 and further 5 analyzed IL‐1ra with 14 effect sizes 77,83‐85,97 . Nine studies with 15 effect sizes looked into TNF‐α, 75,78,87,89,96,98,101‐103 and five studies accounting for eight effect sizes investigated IL‐15 33,88,91,104,105 . As displayed in Table 2, only two studies investigated the effects of resistance exercise on female participants, 88,97 and two studies had at least one female intervention group investing sex‐dependent differences in results 74,99 .…”

Acute Inflammatory Response to a Single Bout of Resistance Exercise with or Without Blood Flow Restriction

“…Note that the source of their secretion is also very important when measuring inflammatory factors in plasma (31). This means that the substrate involved in the activity can be one of the reasons for the difference in acute inflammatory responses to different types of exercise Besides, eccentric contractions of resistance training with or without BFR or running on a slope without the use of BFR can play a role in increasing homocysteine and CD54 (ICAM-1) (3,32,33). The ICAM-1 (CD54) has been reported to be affected by physiological stress such as physical activity, and it is associated with the role of sympathetic nerve activity and its effect on immune function and inflammation (34).…”