Acute effects of exposure to vapours of standard and dearomatized white spirits in humans. 1. Dose‐finding study

Ernstgård, Lena; Lind, Birger; Johanson, Gunnar

doi:10.1002/jat.1408

Cited by 7 publications

(11 citation statements)

References 12 publications

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“…More recently, studies were reported in which the effects of short-term exposure to either "regular white spirits" or "dearomatized white spirits" 40 were compared (Ernstgard et al 2009a(Ernstgard et al , 2009b. In these studies, volunteers were exposed in 10-minute steps to doses that were increased from 0.5-600 mg/ m 3 (0.1 to 109 ppm).…”

Section: Observations Of Acute Cns Effects and Upper Respiratory Tracmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…In these studies, volunteers were exposed in 10-minute steps to doses that were increased from 0.5-600 mg/ m 3 (0.1 to 109 ppm). Effect levels were based on the reports of the volunteers in a range-finding study (Ernstgard et al 2009a), with more objective measures used in a follow-up study in which the volunteers were exposed for 4 h (Ernstgard et al 2009b). The authors reported that in the studies involving short exposure periods, the median levels of irritation were given as "somewhat" for "regular white spirits" and "hardly at all" for the dearomatized white spirit, and ratings of acute CNS effects were "hardly at all".…”

Section: Observations Of Acute Cns Effects and Upper Respiratory Tracmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…For hydrocarbons with carbon numbers  C10, the limited likelihood for exposure by inhalation, associated with the reductions in vapor pressure and apparently by blood/brain barrier effects make acute CNS effects unlikely, as shown empirically by Bowen and Balster (1998) and Nilsen et al (1988). Volunteer studies confirm that exposures at currently recommended levels 11 are not associated with acute CNS effects (Ernstgard et al 2009a, 2009b, Jones et al 2006, Juran et al 2014). …”

mentioning

confidence: 94%

“…Carpenter et al (1975aCarpenter et al ( -h, 1976aCarpenter et al ( -e, 1977aCarpenter et al ( -c, 1978) systematically investigated the irritant potential for vapors of hydrocarbon solvents and volatile petroleum products in volunteers and used this information in making recommendations for occupational exposure limits. Volunteer studies continue to be used to assure that occupational exposure limits are not associated with discomfort (Ernstgard et al 2009a, 2009b, Jones et al 2006, Juran et al 2014). …”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Other constituents including naphthalene, indene, and diethylbenzenes may also be present in these solvents at levels typically below 1%. These solvents may cause upper respiratory irritation, but the potential for acute CNS effects is limited because of their relatively high molecular weights and low vapor pressures (Carpenter et al 1975c, 1976c, Ernstgard et al 2009a, 2009b, Gamberale et al 1975, Hastings et al 1982, Juran et al 2014, Nelson et al 1943). Otherwise, these solvents are not considered to be acutely toxic (Amoruso et al 2008), but they can cause chemical pneumonitis if aspirated into the lungs as liquids.…”

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confidence: 99%

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Characterization of the toxicological hazards of hydrocarbon solvents

McKee

Adenuga

Carrillo

2015

Critical Reviews in Toxicology

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Hydrocarbon solvents are liquid hydrocarbon fractions derived from petroleum processing streams, containing only carbon and hydrogen atoms, with carbon numbers ranging from approximately C5-C20 and boiling between approximately 35-370°C. Many of the hydrocarbon solvents have complex and variable compositions with constituents of 4 types, alkanes (normal paraffins, isoparaffins, and cycloparaffins) and aromatics (primarily alkylated one-and tworing species). Because of the compositional complexity, hydrocarbon solvents are now identified by a nomenclature ("the naming convention") that describes them in terms of physical/ chemical properties and compositional elements. Despite the compositional complexity, most hydrocarbon solvent constituents have similar toxicological properties, and the overall toxicological hazards can be characterized in generic terms. To facilitate hazard characterization, the solvents were divided into 9 groups (categories) of substances with similar physical and chemical properties. Hydrocarbon solvents can cause chemical pneumonitis if aspirated into the lung, and those that are volatile can cause acute CNS effects and/or ocular and respiratory irritation at exposure levels exceeding occupational recommendations. Otherwise, there are few toxicologically important effects. The exceptions, n-hexane and naphthalene, have unique toxicological properties, and those solvents containing constituents for which classification is required under the Globally Harmonized System (GHS) are differentiated by the substance names. Toxicological information from studies of representative substances was used to fulfill REACH registration requirements and to satisfy the needs of the OECD High Production Volume (HPV) initiative. As shown in the examples provided, the hazard characterization data can be used for hazard classification and for occupational exposure limit recommendations. Introduction Scope and purpose of the documentThe present document summarizes information on the physical/ chemical properties and toxicological hazards of hydrocarbon solvents and provides examples of the ways in which the information on hazard characterization can be used for hazard classification and to set occupational exposure limits. Many of the toxicological studies were published separately, but the results are summarized herein and referenced in the appendices.Hydrocarbon solvents are liquid hydrocarbon fractions that are primarily produced by the distillation of petroleum feed stocks or their synthetic analogs (e.g., Fischer-Tropsch derived materials), sometimes followed by additional processing steps such as solvent extraction, hydrodesulfurization, or hydrogenation. 1 Most hydrocarbon solvents are complex substances with variable compositions and are best described as UVCB 2 (unknown and variable composition) substances, but some are single constituent (mono-constituent) substances. The complex and variable nature of these solvents is the consequence of their manufacturing processes. In short, most hydroca...

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Section: Observations Of Acute Cns Effects and Upper Respiratory Tracmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Observations Of Acute Cns Effects and Upper Respiratory Tracmentioning

confidence: 99%

mentioning

confidence: 94%

mentioning

confidence: 99%

mentioning

confidence: 99%

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Characterization of the toxicological hazards of hydrocarbon solvents

McKee

Adenuga

Carrillo

2015

Critical Reviews in Toxicology

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Acute effects of exposure to vapours of standard and dearomatized white spirits in humans. 2. Irritation and inflammation

Ernstgård

Iregren²,

Juran

et al. 2008

J of Applied Toxicology

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Low aromatic and dearomatized white spirits (deWS) are often considered less hazardous to health than 'standard' or aromatic white sprit (stdWS, 15-20% aromatics). However, data on health effects of deWS in humans are sparse and controlled exposure studies are lacking. The aim of this study was to compare deWS and stdWS with respect to irritation and inflammation. Six female and six male healthy volunteers were exposed on five occasions in balanced order to 100 or 300 mg m(-3) deWS (0.002% aromatics) or stdWS (19% aromatics), or to clean air, for 4 h at rest. Discomfort in the eyes, nose and throat and breathing difficulty were assessed by ratings on visual analogue scales. The only significant increases in ratings (compared to clean air) were seen for eye irritation at the high stdWS exposure and for solvent smell at all but the low deWS exposure. Excluding smell, all average ratings were at the lower end of the 0-100 mm scale, and did not exceed the verbal expression 'somewhat'. Ratings during stdWS exposure tended to be higher than during deWS exposure. No exposure-related effects on pulmonary function, nasal swelling, nasal airway resistance, breathing frequency, blinking frequency, plasma inflammatory markers (C-reactive protein, interleukin-6) or biochemical variables (sodium, potassium, amylase, creatine kinase, urate) were seen. In conclusion, stdWS appears to be slightly more irritating than deWS. This could, however, not be confirmed by objective measurements.

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Neurobehavioral performance in volunteers after inhalation of white spirits with high and low aromatic content

et al. 2014

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The content of aromatic hydrocarbons in solvent mixtures, such as white spirits (WS), has been assumed a major contributor to the neurotoxic effects of these compounds. Hence, dearomatized WS have been introduced to the market rapidly in the last decade. Studies investigating other aromatic hydrocarbons (toluene) and animal models have supported the aforementioned assumption, but the current study is the first one to compare acute neurobehavioral effects of exposure to aromatic and dearomatized WS (aWS, daWS) content in human volunteers at current occupational exposure limit values. In a pseudo-randomized crossover design, six female and six male healthy volunteers were exposed to aWS and daWS at two concentrations (100 and 300 mg/m(3)) and to clean air for 4 h at rest. During each of the five exposure conditions, volunteers performed five neurobehavioral tasks that were selected following a multidisciplinary approach that accounted for findings from the cognitive neurosciences and mechanisms of solvent toxicity. Two of the tasks indicated performance changes during aromatic WS exposure, the working memory (WM) and the response shifting task, but both effects are difficult to interpret due to low mean accuracy in the WM task and due to a lack of dose-response relationship in the response shifting task. Healthy human volunteers showed weak and inconsistent neurobehavioral impairment after 4-h exposures to 100 and 300 mg/m(3) aromatic or dearomatized WS. Our multidisciplinary approach of selecting neurobehavioral test methods may guide the test selection strategies in future studies.

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Acute effects of exposure to vapours of standard and dearomatized white spirits in humans. 1. Dose‐finding study

Cited by 7 publications

References 12 publications

Characterization of the toxicological hazards of hydrocarbon solvents

Characterization of the toxicological hazards of hydrocarbon solvents

Acute effects of exposure to vapours of standard and dearomatized white spirits in humans. 2. Irritation and inflammation

Neurobehavioral performance in volunteers after inhalation of white spirits with high and low aromatic content

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