Acute Effects of Training Loads on Muscle Damage Markers and Performance in Semi-elite and Elite Athletes: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis

Simmons, Ryan; Doma, Kenji; Sinclair, Wade H.; Connor, Jonathan D.; Leicht, Anthony S.

doi:10.1007/s40279-021-01486-x

Cited by 14 publications

(14 citation statements)

References 64 publications

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“…The key finding of the current study was the lack of change in CK activity, muscle soreness and internal training loads, concurrently with a significant increase in external training loads during the early preseason. These findings support a recent review ( Simmons et al, 2021 ), which identified no change in CK markers in response to repeated bouts of a given training stimulus in elite and semi-elite athletes. The theoretical construct of the RBE suggests that CK activity and muscle soreness will reduce following repeated exposure to the same training stimulus ( McHugh et al, 1999 ; Simmons et al, 2021 ).…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 91%

“…These findings support a recent review ( Simmons et al, 2021 ), which identified no change in CK markers in response to repeated bouts of a given training stimulus in elite and semi-elite athletes. The theoretical construct of the RBE suggests that CK activity and muscle soreness will reduce following repeated exposure to the same training stimulus ( McHugh et al, 1999 ; Simmons et al, 2021 ). Although the mechanisms resulting in this attenuation of CK markers and muscle soreness are not fully understood, it has been suggested that neural, cellular and connective tissue adaptations may all contribute to this RBE ( McHugh et al, 1999 ).…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 91%

“…An important and novel element of the current study was the inclusion of physical performance testing throughout the two training micro-cycles of the preseason. A previous systematic review ( Simmons et al, 2021 ) identified a lack of regular physical performance testing in prior work, which is essential in identifying training-induced physical performance changes. Multiple studies ( Coutts et al, 2007b ; Miloski et al, 2016 ; Silva et al, 2014 ) have included inconsistent physical performance testing regimes within micro-cycles with testing completed every couple of weeks or months.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Acute Response to Training after Returning from the Off-Season in Elite Rugby League Athletes

Simmons,

Leicht,

Sinclair

et al. 2024

Journal of Human Kinetics

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The purposes of this study were to quantify the physiological response to the initial two-week preseason period in elite male rugby league (RL) athletes, and to determine if a repeated bout effect (RBE) occurs. Eighteen RL players were monitored for the initial two-week preseason period. Blood samples were collected on days (D)1, D2, D4, D5, D8, D9, D11 and D12 to measure creatine kinase (CK). Neuromuscular power was assessed on D1, D5, D8 and D12. During field-based sessions, the external training load was quantified using global positioning system technology, whilst the internal load was quantified using the training impulse and the session rating of perceived exertion. Resistance-based gym session volume was quantified by total repetitions x weight lifted. Perceived measures of fatigue and muscle soreness were assessed on all training days. Two-way (day x week) repeated measures analysis of variance and Bonferroni’s corrected post-hoc tests identified significant changes. There were no significant changes in CK activity (649.2 ± 255.0 vs. 673.8 ± 299.1 µL; p = 0.63) or internal training load measures from week 1 to week 2. External training load measures including total distance (4138.1 ± 198.4 vs. 4525.0 ± 169.2 m; p < 0.001) and repeated high-intensity efforts (12.6 ± 1.8 vs. 17.5 ± 1.8 au; p < 0.001) significantly increased in week 2 compared to week 1. Internal training loads and CK activity did not change in response to an increase in external training loads during the initial preseason. The current results provide support for a ‘real world’ perspective of the RBE phenomenon that may be more applicable for team sport practitioners.

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 91%

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 91%

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Acute Response to Training after Returning from the Off-Season in Elite Rugby League Athletes

Simmons,

Leicht,

Sinclair

et al. 2024

Journal of Human Kinetics

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“…While the preceding studies [ 85 , 86 ] examined muscle damage, their primary purpose was to review or investigate the effects of a one-off match (combined with supplementation) on athletic performance. From this perspective, the reduced risk of injury and improved human performance in real-world settings [ 85 , 86 , 87 ] broaden the application scenarios of “exercise modes”. Another application is performing an unusual eccentric exercise that triggers the so-called “repetitive bout effect (RBE)”, which has been shown to be a protective adaptive response that significantly reduces EIMD [ 88 ].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Exercise-Induced Muscle Damage and Protein Intake: A Bibliometric and Visual Analysis

Zeng

Liu

et al. 2022

Nutrients

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Numerous studies have covered exercise-induced muscle damage (EIMD) topics, ranging from nutritional strategies to recovery methods, but few attempts have adequately explored and analyzed large volumes of scientific output. The purpose of this study was to assess the scientific output and research activity regarding EIMD and protein intake by conducting a bibliometric and visual analysis. Relevant publications from 1975–2022 were retrieved from the Web of Science Core Collection database. Quantitative and qualitative variables were collected, including the number of publications and citations, H-indexes, journals of citation reports, co-authorship, co-citation, and the co-occurrence of keywords. There were 351 total publications, with the number of annual publications steadily increasing. The United States has the highest total number of publications (26.21% of total publications, centrality 0.44). Institutional cooperation is mostly geographically limited, with few transnational cooperation links. EIMD and protein intake research is concentrated in high-quality journals in the disciplines of Sport Science, Physiology, Nutrition, and Biochemistry & Molecular Biology. The top ten journals in the number of publications are mostly high-quality printed journals, and the top ten journals in centrality have an average impact factor of 13.845. The findings of the co-citation clusters and major keyword co-occurrence reveal that the most discussed research topics are “exercise mode”, “nutritional strategies”, “beneficial outcomes”, and “proposed mechanisms”. Finally, we identified the following research frontiers and research directions: developing a comprehensive understanding of new exercise or training models, nutritional strategies, and recovery techniques to alleviate EIMD symptoms and accelerate recovery; applying the concept of hormesis in EIMD to induce muscle hypertrophy; and investigating the underlying mechanisms of muscle fiber and membrane damage.

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“…However, high-intensity exercise may also cause exercise-induced muscle damage (EIMD), particularly from the eccentric contraction of these exercises (9). For athletes, the level of EIMD could be pronounced when deconditioned from a training hiatus after an injury or those returning from the off-season (15,52). The common symptoms of EIMD include delayed onset of muscle soreness (DOMS), muscle swelling, increased levels of creatine kinase (CK) by leakage from the muscle-damaged sites, restricted range-ofmotion, and impaired muscle strength (2,25).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The Repeated Bout Effect of Multiarticular Exercises on Muscle Damage Markers and Physical Performances: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analyses

Doma,

Matoso,

Protzen

et al. 2023

Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research

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Doma, K, Matoso, B, Protzen, G, Singh, U, and Boullosa, D. The repeated bout effect of multiarticular exercises on muscle damage markers and physical performances: a systematic review and meta-analyses. J Strength Cond Res 37(12): 2504–2515, 2023—This systematic review and meta-analysis compared muscle damage markers and physical performance measures between 2 bouts of multiarticular exercises and determined whether intensity and volume of muscle-damaging exercises affected the outcomes. The eligibility criteria consisted of (a) healthy male and female adults; (b) multiarticular exercises to cause muscle damage across 2 bouts; (c) outcome measures were compared at 24–48 hours after the first and second bouts of muscle-damaging exercise; (d) at least one of the following outcome measures: creatine kinase (CK), delayed onset of muscle soreness (DOMS), muscle strength, and running economy. Study appraisal was conducted using the Kmet tool, whereas forest plots were derived to calculate standardized mean differences (SMDs) and statistical significance and alpha set a 0.05. After screening, 20 studies were included. The levels of DOMS and CK were significantly greater during the first bout when compared with the second bout at T24 and T48 (p < 0.001; SMD = 0.51–1.23). Muscular strength and vertical jump performance were significantly lower during the first bout compared with the second bout at T24 and T48 (p ≤ 0.05; SMD = −0.27 to −0.40), whereas oxygen consumption and rating of perceived exertion were significantly greater during the first bout at T24 and T48 (p < 0.05; SMD = 0.28–0.65) during running economy protocols. The meta-analyses were unaffected by changes in intensity and volume of muscle-damaging exercises between bouts. Multiarticular exercises exhibited a repeated bout effect, suggesting that a single bout of commonly performed exercises involving eccentric contractions may provide protection against exercise-induced muscle damage for subsequent bouts.

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Acute Effects of Training Loads on Muscle Damage Markers and Performance in Semi-elite and Elite Athletes: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis

Cited by 14 publications

References 64 publications

Acute Response to Training after Returning from the Off-Season in Elite Rugby League Athletes

Acute Response to Training after Returning from the Off-Season in Elite Rugby League Athletes

Exercise-Induced Muscle Damage and Protein Intake: A Bibliometric and Visual Analysis

The Repeated Bout Effect of Multiarticular Exercises on Muscle Damage Markers and Physical Performances: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analyses

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