Acute exercise induces gastrointestinal leakage of allergen in lysozyme-sensitized mice

Abstract

Food-dependent exercise-induced anaphylaxis (FDEIAn) is a leading cause of physical allergies. However, the mechanisms involved in the development of FDEIAn are not yet clearly understood. In this study, to investigate the leakage of allergen from the gastrointestinal tract into the circulation, lysozyme (LYZ)-sensitized B10.A mice, which have been shown to exhibit an especially high concentration of plasma antigen-specific immunoglobulin-E (IgE) by sensitization of LYZ as allergen in the white of hens' eggs, and unsensitized mice were made to run on a treadmill after oral LYZ ingestion. Resting mice as well as sensitized and unsensitized animals were used as controls. As a result of the sensitization, total IgE concentration, and levels of LYZ-specific IgE and IgG significantly increased. The running time until exhaustion decreased in the sensitized mice compared with that in the unsensitized mice. Both the sensitization and exercise affected the increase in gastrointestinal leakage of LYZ, which was estimated by immunohistochemical staining of the LYZ antibody in the liver, after oral LYZ ingestion. The exercised sensitized mice were especially closely observed. After oral LYZ ingestion, damage to the villi in the small intestine also occurred following exercise in sensitized mice. Damage to the villi was also noted to have occurred slightly in the resting sensitized mice. These results suggest that allergen leakage from the intestinal tract into the circulation was strongly induced by exercise in the LYZ-sensitized mice and that the mechanisms of FDEIAn might be related to gastrointestinal leakage of allergen due to gastrointestinal mucosal lesions.

Assessment of Allergenic Activity of a Heat-Coagulated Ovalbumin afterin VivoDigestion

“…reduced the physical activity of the sensitized mice, and this effect continued for about 7 h. A decrease in physical activity in sensitized mice is an indicator of the presence of allergen, as described previously. 19) Our result, that no antigenic activity of OVA was detected in the portal blood of mice administered H-C OVA and that anaphylaxis symptoms were repressed in sensitized mice administered H-C OVA, indicate that heat-coagulated protein is not an allergen. Astwood et al reported that important food allergens were not digested in simulated gastric fluid, and that this stability is a significant and valid parameter for distinguishing food allergens from non-allergens.…”

Endurance swimming stimulates transepithelial calcium transport and alters the expression of genes related to calcium absorption in the intestine of rats

“…27, 39). Similar to the effects of exercise on biotransformation in hepatocytes (59), swimming increased transcripts of certain intestinal genes, e.g., UDPglucuronosyltransferase (Udpgtr2), glutathione S-transferase (Gsto2), and paraoxonase (Pon1), which could neutralize xenobiotics and protect the body from toxic substances (11,44,56).…”

About the role and underlying mechanisms of cofactors in anaphylaxis

“…This indicates at least additional other mechanisms of action, because clinical observation shows that the intensity of exercise necessary to trigger FDEIA in humans varies quite tremendously from exercise near exhaustion to very mild. Interestingly, a mouse study on gastrointestinal lysozyme uptake showed that not only exercise but also lysozyme-specific sensitization significantly upregulated intestinal absorption and that sensitization and exercise together synergistically increased this uptake demonstrating the interdependence of IgE reactivity and exercise (31). In conclusion, available data indicate the following scenario: the intensity of exercise and the degree of sensitization coregulate the intestinal absorption of allergens with the consequence of orchestrating anaphylaxis each on an individual level.…”