Acute Exercise Stress Reveals Cerebrovascular Benefits Associated with Moderate Gains in Cardiorespiratory Fitness

Brugniaux, Julien V.; Marley, Christopher J.; Hodson, D; New, Karl J.; Bailey, Damian Miles

doi:10.1038/jcbfm.2014.142

Cited by 51 publications

(47 citation statements)

References 15 publications

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“…However, no comparative data exist for resistance‐trained individuals (to our knowledge). Despite the lack of an observable difference in resting measures, improved CO 2 reactivity has been reported in individuals with greater cardiorespiratory fitness (Bailey et al., ; Murrell et al., ) and larger increases in MCAv and prefrontal cortical oxygenation during the transition from low to moderate aerobic exercise (Brugniaux et al., ). These data indicate an improvement in vascular function in response to stressors associated with endurance exercise – for example, increases in blood flow in response to cortical activation and alterations in arterial CO 2 .…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Implications of habitual endurance and resistance exercise for dynamic cerebral autoregulation

Perry

Cotter

Korad

et al. 2019

Experimental Physiology

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New Findings What is the central question of this study?Does habitual resistance and endurance exercise modify dynamic cerebral autoregulation? What is the main finding and its importance?To the authors’ knowledge, this is the first study to directly assess dynamic cerebral autoregulation in resistance‐trained individuals, and potential differences between exercise training modalities. Forced oscillations in blood pressure were induced by repeated squat–stands, from which dynamic cerebral autoregulation was assessed using transfer function analysis. These data indicate that dynamic cerebral autoregulatory function is largely unaffected by habitual exercise type, and further document the systemic circulatory effects of regular exercise. Abstract Regular endurance and resistance exercise produce differential but desirable physiological adaptations in both healthy and clinical populations. The chronic effect of these different exercise modalities on cerebral vessels’ ability to respond to rapid changes in blood pressure (BP) had not been examined. We examined dynamic cerebral autoregulation (dCA) in 12 resistance‐trained (mean ± SD, 25 ± 6 years), 12 endurance‐trained (28 ± 9 years) and 12 sedentary (26 ± 6 years) volunteers. The dCA was assessed using transfer function analysis of forced oscillations in BP vs. middle cerebral artery blood velocity (MCAv), induced via repeated squat–stands at 0.05 and 0.10 Hz. Resting BP and MCAv were similar between groups (interaction: both P ≥ 0.544). The partial pressure of end‐tidal carbon dioxide (P ETC O2) was unchanged (P = 0.561) across squat–stand manoeuvres (grouped mean for absolute change +0.6 ± 2.3 mmHg). Gain and normalized gain were similar between groups across all frequencies (both P ≥ 0.261). Phase showed a frequency‐specific effect between groups (P = 0.043), tending to be lower in resistance‐trained (0.63 ± 0.21 radians) than in endurance‐trained (0.90 ± 0.41, P = 0.052) and ‐untrained (0.85 ± 0.38, P = 0.081) groups at slower frequency (0.05 Hz) oscillations. Squat–stands induced mean arterial pressure perturbations differed between groups (interaction: P = 0.031), with greater changes in the resistance (P < 0.001) and endurance (P = 0.001) groups compared with the sedentary group at 0.05 Hz (56 ± 13 and 49 ± 11 vs. 35 ± 11 mmHg, respectively). The differences persisted at 0.1 Hz between resistance and sedentary groups (49 ± 12 vs. 33 ± 7 mmHg, P < 0.001). These results indicate that dCA remains largely unaltered by habitual endurance and resistance exercise with a trend for phase to be lower in the resistance exercise group at lower fequencies.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Implications of habitual endurance and resistance exercise for dynamic cerebral autoregulation

Perry

Cotter

Korad

et al. 2019

Experimental Physiology

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“…Interestingly, Brugniaux et al. () showed that the fitness effect for cerebral blood velocity was only apparent during incremental cycling exercise, but not at rest. With this in mind, reduced TFA phase at 0.10 Hz and elevated TFA normalized gain at 0.05 Hz have also been reported with driven oscillations in MAP during moderate exercise with old versus young adults, while these values were also comparable at rest (Smirl et al.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…), while higher cardiorespiratory fitness (CRF) has been shown to improve cerebral blood velocity during exercise (Brugniaux et al. ), as well as cerebrovascular reactivity to carbon dioxide (Bailey et al. ; Barnes et al.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Diminished dynamic cerebral autoregulatory capacity with forced oscillations in mean arterial pressure with elevated cardiorespiratory fitness

Labrecque

Rahimaly

Imhoff

et al. 2017

Physiological Reports

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The effect that cardiorespiratory fitness has on the dynamic cerebral autoregulatory capacity during changes in mean arterial pressure (MAP) remains equivocal. Using a multiple‐metrics approach, challenging MAP across the spectrum of physiological extremes (i.e., spontaneous through forced MAP oscillations), we characterized dynamic cerebral autoregulatory capacity in 19 male endurance athletes and eight controls via three methods: (1) onset of regulation (i.e., time delay before an increase in middle cerebral artery (MCA) conductance [MCA blood velocity (MCAv)/MAP] and rate of regulation, after transient hypotension induced by sit‐to‐stand, and transfer function analysis (TFA) of MAP and MCAv responses during (2) spontaneous and (3) forced oscillations (5‐min of squat‐stand maneuvers performed at 0.05 and 0.10 Hz). Reductions in MAP and mean MCAv (MCAV mean) during initial orthostatic stress (0‐30 sec after sit‐to‐stand) and the prevalence of orthostatic hypotension were also determined. Onset of regulation was delayed after sit‐to‐stand in athletes (3.1 ± 1.7 vs. 1.5 ± 1.0 sec; P = 0.03), but rate of regulation was not different between groups (0.24 ± 0.05 vs. 0.21 ± 0.09 sec−1; P = 0.82). While both groups had comparable TFA metrics during spontaneous oscillations, athletes had higher TFA gain during 0.10 Hz squat‐stand versus recreational controls (P = 0.01). Reductions in MAP (P = 0.15) and MCAV mean (P = 0.11) during orthostatic stress and the prevalence of initial orthostatic hypotension (P = 0.65) were comparable between groups. These results indicate an intact ability of the cerebral vasculature to react to spontaneous oscillations but an attenuated capability to counter rapid and large changes in MAP in individuals with elevated cardiorespiratory fitness.

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“…; Brugniuax et al . ), dependent on the magnitude of hyperventilation‐induced hypocapnia, or lack thereof (Smith et al . ).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Regulation of cerebral blood flow and metabolism during exercise

Smith

Ainslie

2017

Experimental Physiology

249

230

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What is the topic of this review? The manuscript collectively combines the experimental observations from >100 publications focusing on the regulation of cerebral blood flow and metabolism during exercise from 1945 to the present day. What advances does it highlight? This article highlights the importance of traditional and historical assessments of cerebral blood flow and metabolism during exercise, as well as traditional and new insights into the complex factors involved in the integrative regulation of brain blood flow and metabolism during exercise. The overarching theme is the importance of quantifying cerebral blood flow and metabolism during exercise using techniques that consider multiple volumetric cerebral haemodynamics (i.e. velocity, diameter, shear and flow). Cerebral function in humans is crucially dependent upon continuous oxygen delivery, metabolic nutrients and active regulation of cerebral blood flow (CBF). As a consequence, cerebrovascular function is precisely titrated by multiple physiological mechanisms, characterized by complex integration, synergism and protective redundancy. At rest, adequate CBF is regulated through reflexive responses in the following order of regulatory importance: fluctuating arterial blood gases (in particularly, partial pressure of carbon dioxide), cerebral metabolism, arterial blood pressure, neurogenic activity and cardiac output. Unfortunately, the magnitude that these integrative and synergistic relationships contribute to governing the CBF during exercise remains unclear. Despite some evidence indicating that CBF regulation during exercise is dependent on the changes of blood pressure, neurogenic activity and cardiac output, their role as a primary governor of the CBF response to exercise remains controversial. In contrast, the balance between the partial pressure of carbon dioxide and cerebral metabolism continues to gain empirical support as the primary contributor to the intensity-dependent changes in CBF observed during submaximal, moderate and maximal exercise. The goal of this review is to summarize the fundamental physiology and mechanisms involved in regulation of CBF and metabolism during exercise. The clinical implications of a better understanding of CBF during exercise and new research directions are also outlined.

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Acute Exercise Stress Reveals Cerebrovascular Benefits Associated with Moderate Gains in Cardiorespiratory Fitness

Cited by 51 publications

References 15 publications

Implications of habitual endurance and resistance exercise for dynamic cerebral autoregulation

Implications of habitual endurance and resistance exercise for dynamic cerebral autoregulation

Diminished dynamic cerebral autoregulatory capacity with forced oscillations in mean arterial pressure with elevated cardiorespiratory fitness

Regulation of cerebral blood flow and metabolism during exercise

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