Acute Gastroenteritis in Children of the World

Abstract

The incidence of gastroenteritis has greatly reduced due to improved hygiene conditions in developing countries and the use of Rotavirus vaccine. However, still thousands of children die from gastroenteritis, most of them in poor countries. Yet gastroenteritis management is simple, inexpensive, and effective and is largely the same all over the world. Universal guidelines for gastroenteritis guide the management and include simple interventions put forward early in the course of the disease. Treatment includes rehydration, continuing oral feeding, and antiinfective drugs in selected clinical conditions related to the symptoms or to host-related risk, and possible additional drug treatment to reduce the duration and severity of symptoms. There may be minor geographical differences in the treatment applied due to health care organizations that do not substantially change the standard universal recommendations. Prevention is recommended with sanitation interventions and Rotavirus universal immunization. Implementation of those interventions through educational initiatives and local programs in target areas are needed. A series of recommendations for interventions, education, and research priorities are included here with the aim of reducing the burden of gastroenteritis, to be pursued by scientists, physicians, policy makers, and stakeholders involved. They include the need of recommendations for the management of gastroenteritis in malnourished children, in those with chronic conditions, in neonates, and in emergency settings. A reference system to score dehydration, the definition of optimal composition of rehydration solution and the indications for anti-infective therapy are also included. Rotavirus immunization should be actively promoted, and evidence-based guidelines should be universally implemented. Research priorities are also indicated.

Detecting and Genotyping of Human Bocavirus among Children with Gastroenteritis in Diyala Governorate

“…The sequence of primers listed in Table (1) was used in this study to amplify 495-nt fragment within the ORF of NS1 of Human Bocavirus 1-4 [11,12].…”

“…Diarrheal diseases remain the second cause of death among children <5 years old, mostly in low-and middle-income countries. According to the Centers for Disease Control (CDC), viral gastroenteritis infections can account for over 446,000 deaths of children per year worldwide [1].Human enteric viruses are considered to be the major cause of acute diarrhoea in young and belonging to different taxonomic groups. Many viruses such as rotavirus, adenovirus, human norovirus, human astroviruses, and Sapovirus have been known to associate with these diseases and also, human Bocavirus (HBoV) has been considered as agent associated with diarrhea in humans [2][3].…”

The evolving epidemiology of acute gastroenteritis in hospitalized children in Italy

“…The recent introduction of rotavirus vaccines reduced mortality, hospitalization rates, and the overall number of cases [9][10][11], but these effects were markedly higher in low-mortality countries since access to the vaccine in high-mortality countries is still too limited [1,9]. Moreover, other factors such as differences in gut microbiome and human leukocyte antigen groups may play a role in reducing rotavirus vaccine efficacy in low-income countries [12]. There are currently four globally licensed live attenuated vaccines to be administered orally: Rotarix (a monovalent vaccine against the G1P antigen) and RotaTeq (a pentavalent vaccine against the proteins of G1, G2, G3, G4, and P serotypes) prevent about 82% and 60% of severe diarrhoea cases caused by rotavirus in developed and developing countries respectively [12,13].…”

“…Moreover, other factors such as differences in gut microbiome and human leukocyte antigen groups may play a role in reducing rotavirus vaccine efficacy in low-income countries [ 12 ]. There are currently four globally licensed live attenuated vaccines to be administered orally: Rotarix (a monovalent vaccine against the G1P antigen) and RotaTeq (a pentavalent vaccine against the proteins of G1, G2, G3, G4, and P serotypes) prevent about 82% and 60% of severe diarrhoea cases caused by rotavirus in developed and developing countries respectively [ 12 , 13 ]. Rotavac (a monovalent vaccine against G9P antigen) and Rotasiil (a lyophilized pentavalent vaccine against proteins of G1, G2, G3, G4, and G9 serotypes) are most administered in Asia with similar results.…”

National Consensus for the Management of Acute Gastroenteritis in Jordanian Children: Consensus Recommendations Endorsed by the Jordanian Paediatric Society

“…Despite this, child mortality due to diarrhoeal diseases is still reported, with 3% of deaths among Jordanian children under 5 years in 2017 attributed to diarrhoea [ 2 ]. The Federation of International Societies of Paediatric Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition (FISPGHAN) has prioritised universal rotavirus immunisation, early use of oral rehydration solution (ORS), and the limitation of inappropriate medical interventions when addressing paediatric AGE [ 12 ]. With neither regional nor local guidelines available for AGE, a consensus was reached on the management of paediatric AGE in Jordan.…”