Acute Infection of Viral Pathogens and Their Innate Immune Escape

Raj, Kul; Shrestha, Prasha; Yang, Bincai; Chen, Yongqin David; Li, Shasha; Maarouf, Mohamed; Chen, Ji‐Long

doi:10.3389/fmicb.2021.672026

Cited by 55 publications

(39 citation statements)

References 147 publications

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“…However, several human pathogenic viruses can successfully develop immune evasion by various molecular mechanisms, including the induced expression of immune checkpoints, like PD-L1 and HLA-G, in the virus-infected host cells (1,(71)(72)(73). In this review, we will summarize known examples of human viruses able to induce immunological tolerance towards host immune effector cells by HLA-G induction.…”

Section: Regulation Of Hla-g Expression and Viral Infectionsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Role of HLA-G in Viral Infections

et al. 2022

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The human leukocyte antigen (HLA)-G is a non-classical HLA class I molecule, which has distinct features to classical HLA-A, -B, -C antigens, such as a low polymorphism, different splice variants, highly restricted, tightly regulated expression and immune modulatory properties. HLA-G expression in tumor cells and virus-infected cells, as well as the release of soluble HLA-G leads to escape from host immune surveillance. Increased knowledge of the link between HLA-G expression, viral infection and disease progression is urgently required, which highlights the possible use of HLA-G as novel diagnostic and prognostic biomarker for viral infections, but also as therapeutic target. Therefore, this review aims to summarize the expression, regulation, function and impact of HLA-G in the context of different viral infections including virus-associated cancers. The characterization of HLA-G-driven immune escape mechanisms involved in the interactions between host cells and viruses might result in the design of novel immunotherapeutic strategies targeting HLA-G and/or its interaction with its receptors on immune effector cells.

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Section: Regulation Of Hla-g Expression and Viral Infectionsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Role of HLA-G in Viral Infections

et al. 2022

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“…The type I interferon (IFN)-mediated antiviral response plays an indispensable role in viral clearance. Host pattern recognition receptors (PRRs) can discern pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs), such as viral RNA and DNA ( Rai et al, 2021 ). The cyclic GMP-AMP synthase (cGAS) is responsible for sensing viral DNA and then catalyzes the generation of cyclic GMP-AMP (cGAMP) in the presence of ATP and GTP.…”

Section: African Swine Fever Virus Immune Evasion Mechanisms and Their Relationship To Live Attenuated Vaccinesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Regulation and Evasion of Host Immune Response by African Swine Fever Virus

Yang

et al. 2021

Front. Microbiol.

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African swine fever (ASF) is an acute lethal hemorrhagic viral disease in domestic pigs and wild boars; is widely epidemic in Africa, Europe, Asia, and Latin America; and poses a huge threat to the pig industry worldwide. ASF is caused by the infection of the ASF virus (ASFV), a cytoplasmic double-stranded DNA virus belonging to the Asfarviridae family. Here, we review how the virus regulates the host immune response and its mechanisms at different levels, including interferon modulation, inflammation, apoptosis, antigen presentation, and cellular immunity.

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“…Receptors that enable the virus to penetrate the target cell. To implement this strategy, viruses strive to increase their binding affinity as well as expand the repertoire of these receptors and their coreceptors [6]. (b) Receptors that transmit to the target cell information useful for the virus (combinations of properties A and B are possible in one receptor).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…(c) Cellular receptors which, after recognizing a virus, initiate an antiviral response. In this case, the virus strategy is to inhibit these receptors and their signaling pathways [6].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

SARS-CoV-2-Specific Immune Response and the Pathogenesis of COVID-19

Gusev

Sarapultsev

Соломатина

et al. 2022

IJMS

187

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The review aims to consolidate research findings on the molecular mechanisms and virulence and pathogenicity characteristics of coronavirus disease (COVID-19) causative agent, severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), and their relevance to four typical stages in the development of acute viral infection. These four stages are invasion; primary blockade of antiviral innate immunity; engagement of the virus’s protection mechanisms against the factors of adaptive immunity; and acute, long-term complications of COVID-19. The invasion stage entails the recognition of the spike protein (S) of SARS-CoV-2 target cell receptors, namely, the main receptor (angiotensin-converting enzyme 2, ACE2), its coreceptors, and potential alternative receptors. The presence of a diverse repertoire of receptors allows SARS-CoV-2 to infect various types of cells, including those not expressing ACE2. During the second stage, the majority of the polyfunctional structural, non-structural, and extra proteins SARS-CoV-2 synthesizes in infected cells are involved in the primary blockage of antiviral innate immunity. A high degree of redundancy and systemic action characterizing these pathogenic factors allows SARS-CoV-2 to overcome antiviral mechanisms at the initial stages of invasion. The third stage includes passive and active protection of the virus from factors of adaptive immunity, overcoming of the barrier function at the focus of inflammation, and generalization of SARS-CoV-2 in the body. The fourth stage is associated with the deployment of variants of acute and long-term complications of COVID-19. SARS-CoV-2’s ability to induce autoimmune and autoinflammatory pathways of tissue invasion and development of both immunosuppressive and hyperergic mechanisms of systemic inflammation is critical at this stage of infection.

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Acute Infection of Viral Pathogens and Their Innate Immune Escape

Cited by 55 publications

References 147 publications

Role of HLA-G in Viral Infections

Role of HLA-G in Viral Infections

Regulation and Evasion of Host Immune Response by African Swine Fever Virus

SARS-CoV-2-Specific Immune Response and the Pathogenesis of COVID-19

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