Acute inhalation of cigarette smoke increases lower respiratory tract nitric oxide concentrations

Chambers, Daniel C.; Tunnicliffe, William; Ayres, Jonathan Geoffrey

doi:10.1136/thx.53.8.677

Cited by 72 publications

(52 citation statements)

References 27 publications

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“…Several investigators routinely require subjects to wear noseclips during NO measurements [10,26,31,35], while others do not [17,21,36]. Without a noseclip, diffusion of NO through the nares as well as into the posterior nasopharynx is possible; with a noseclip only diffusion towards the pharynx can occur, and this would increase contamination with high nasal NO levels.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Off-line sampling of exhaled air for nitric oxide measurement in children: methodological aspects

Schellekens¹,

Kroesbergen²,

Hop³

et al. 2001

Eur Respir J

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Measurement of nitric oxide in exhaled air is a noninvasive method to assess airway inflammation in asthma. This study was undertaken to establish the reference range of exhaled NO in healthy school-aged children and to determine the influence of ambient NO, noseclip and breath-holding on exhaled NO, using an off-line balloon sampling method.All children attending a primary school (age range 8-13 yrs) underwent NO measurements on two occasions with high and low ambient NO. Each time, the children performed four expiratory manoeuvres into NO-impermeable balloons, with and without 10 s of breath-holding and with and without wearing a noseclip. Exhalation flow and pressure were not controlled. NO was measured within 4 h after collection, by means of chemiluminescence. All children completed a questionnaire on respiratory and allergic disorders, and performed flow/volume spirometry.With low ambient NO, the mean exhaled NO value of 72 healthy children with negative questionnaires and normal lung function was 5.1¡0.2 parts per billion (ppb) versus a mean of 6.8¡0.3 ppb in the remaining 49 children with positive questionnaires for asthma and allergy, and/or recent symptoms of cold (p~0.001). Exhaled and ambient NO were significantly related, especially with ambient NO w10 ppb (r~0.86, p~0.0001 versus r~0.34, p~0.004 for ambient values v10 ppb). The use of a noseclip, with low ambient NO and without breath-holding, caused a small decrease in exhaled NO values (p~0.001). The effect of breath-holding on exhaled NO depended on ambient NO. With ambient NO w10 ppb, exhaled NO decreased, whereas with ambient NO v10 ppb, exhaled NO increased after 10 s breath-hold.It is concluded that off-line sampling in balloons is a simple and, hence, attractive method for exhaled nitric oxide measurements in children which differentiates between groups with and without self-reported asthma, allergy and colds, when ambient nitric oxide is v10 parts per billion. Wearing a noseclip and breath-holding affected measured values and should, therefore be standardized or, preferably, avoided. Eur Respir J 2001; 17: 898-903.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Off-line sampling of exhaled air for nitric oxide measurement in children: methodological aspects

Schellekens¹,

Kroesbergen²,

Hop³

et al. 2001

Eur Respir J

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“…Recently, it was reported that inhalation of cigarette smoke transiently increased NO concentrations in the human lower respiratory tract. 13 Therefore, it would seem that NO is inhaled along with cigarette smoke, even in humans. Although such NO may have localized effects on the respiratory system, the results of the present study indicate that the net transient effect of cigarette smoking is actually to decrease NO in the circulation.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Smoking a Single Cigarette Rapidly Reduces Combined Concentrations of Nitrate and Nitrite and Concentrations of Antioxidants in Plasma

et al. 2002

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Background-Cigarette smoking is a well-known risk factor for the development of cardiovascular disease, yet the mechanism of action involved is not completely understood. Because cigarette smoke contains superoxide and other reactive oxygen species, it has been hypothesized that some of the adverse effects of smoking may result from oxidative damage to endothelial cells, which results in nitric oxide (NO) shortage. However, little information is available regarding the acute effects of smoking on plasma concentrations of NO and antioxidants. We measured the changes in the combined plasma concentrations of nitrate and nitrite as an index of NO concentration, as well as changes in concentrations of major serum antioxidants (ascorbic acid, cysteine, methionine, and uric acid) in smokers after smoking a single cigarette. Methods and Results-A randomized crossover study of the effects of smoking a single cigarette was performed in 20 smokers. Smoking a sham cigarette induced no significant changes in all assayed parameters. However, smoking a single cigarette significantly decreased nitrate and nitrite plasma concentrations by 3.5Ϯ1.2 and 3.4Ϯ1.1 mol/L, compared with plasma concentrations at presmoking and sham smoking, respectively. The concentrations of ascorbic acid and other antioxidants were also significantly lower after smoking a single cigarette. These parameters returned to preexperimental levels 60 minutes after smoking cessation. Conclusion-The present findings indicate that smoking a single cigarette temporarily decreases nitrate, nitrite, and serum antioxidant concentrations in the plasma. These transient changes may partially contribute to coronary vasoconstriction, which is routinely observed after smoking.

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“…They include sex and sexual hormones, body weight and age, circadian changes of respiratory function in health and disease, caffeine and alcohol, meals rich in nitrate, genetic background for some enzymes, upper respiratory tract infection, exercise, drugs (including inhibitors of NO synthases) and of course smoking [46,[54][55][56][57][58][59][60][61][62][63][64][65][66][67][68][69][70][71][72][73]. Moreover, FeNO levels in healthy subjects are influenced by atopy, i.e.…”

Section: Exhaled Nitric Oxidementioning

confidence: 99%

Bronchoalveolar lavage, sputum and exhaled clinically relevant inflammatory markers: values in healthy adults

et al. 2007

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Bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL), induced sputum and exhaled breath markers (exhaled nitric oxide and exhaled breath condensate) can each provide biological insights into the pathogenesis of respiratory disorders. Some of their biomarkers are also employed in the clinical management of patients with various respiratory diseases. In the clinical context, however, defining normal values and cut-off points is crucial. The aim of the present review is to investigate to what extent the issue of defining normal values in healthy adults has been pursued for the biomarkers with clinical value.The current authors reviewed data from literature that specifically addressed the issue of normal values from healthy adults for the four methodologies.Most studies have been performed for BAL (n59), sputum (n53) and nitric oxide (n53). There are no published studies for breath condensate, none of whose markers yet has clinical value. In healthy adult nonsmokers the cut-off points (mean+2SD) for biomarkers with clinical value were as follows. BAL: 16.7% lymphocytes, 2.3% neutrophils and 1.9% eosinophils; sputum: 7.7610 6 ?mL -1 total cell count and 2.2% eosinophils; nitric oxide: 20.2 ppb. The methodologies differ concerning the quantity and characteristics of available reference data. Studies focusing on obtaining reference values from healthy individuals are still required, more evidently for the new, noninvasive methodologies.

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Acute inhalation of cigarette smoke increases lower respiratory tract nitric oxide concentrations

Cited by 72 publications

References 27 publications

Off-line sampling of exhaled air for nitric oxide measurement in children: methodological aspects

Off-line sampling of exhaled air for nitric oxide measurement in children: methodological aspects

Smoking a Single Cigarette Rapidly Reduces Combined Concentrations of Nitrate and Nitrite and Concentrations of Antioxidants in Plasma

Bronchoalveolar lavage, sputum and exhaled clinically relevant inflammatory markers: values in healthy adults

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