Acute Inhalation Toxicology of Volatile Hydrocarbons

Swann, Henry E.; Kwon, B. K.; Hogan, G.K.; Snellings, William M.

doi:10.1080/0002889748507066

Cited by 39 publications

(21 citation statements)

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“…As noted previously, early studies in mice demonstrated that n-pentane and cyclopentane could cause anesthetic effects at very high exposure levels (Swann et al 1974, Virtue 1948. In more recent studies of acute CNS effects of n-pentane, isopentane isomers, and cyclopentane , there were no effects at levels up to 20,000 mg/m 3 (approximately 6000 ppm), the highest concentrations tested.…”

Section: Neurological Studiesmentioning

confidence: 82%

“…For example, cyclopentane was evaluated as a potential anesthetic agent with the determination that in mice, exposures at levels of approximately 8% induced sleep in most animals, and exposures at levels of approximately 12% resulted in respiratory arrest and death (Virtue 1948). In doseresponse investigations in mice, it was reported that there were no apparent acute effects in animals exposed to 16000 ppm (approximately 470000 mg/m 3 ), no anesthesia among animals exposed to 32000 ppm (approximately 94000 mg/ m 3 ), and deep anesthesia among animals exposed to 128000 ppm (approximately 375000 mg/m 3 ) (Swann et al 1974). As summarized below (Table 19), pentane isomers are not acutely toxic in oral and dermal studies conducted in accordance with current regulatory testing guidelines; they are minimally irritating to the skin and eyes; and they do not produce allergic contact dermatitis (OECD 2008).…”

Section: Acute Toxicitymentioning

confidence: 99%

“…They are not acutely toxic by oral, dermal, or inhalation routes of administration (Carpenter et al 1975d, Galvin and Marashi (1999a, 1999b, 1999c, Hine and Zuidema 1970, Johnson et al 2012, Kinkead et al 1985, Swan et al 1974), but they can cause chemical pneumonitis if taken into the lung as liquids. These solvents are volatile and may cause ocular and/or respiratory tract irritation and acute CNS effects if the exposure levels are sufficiently high (Bowen and Balster 1998, Carpenter et al 1975d, Christoph et al 2000, Patty and Yant 1929, Swann et al 1974, Virtue 1948). There are specific occupational exposure limits for n-hexane that are related to its neurological properties; for other aliphatic constituents of these solvents, occupational recommendations are set to avoid respiratory irritation and/or acute CNS effects.…”

Section: Light Aliphatic Solvents (C5-c9)mentioning

confidence: 99%

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Characterization of the toxicological hazards of hydrocarbon solvents

McKee

Adenuga

Carrillo

2015

Critical Reviews in Toxicology

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Hydrocarbon solvents are liquid hydrocarbon fractions derived from petroleum processing streams, containing only carbon and hydrogen atoms, with carbon numbers ranging from approximately C5-C20 and boiling between approximately 35-370°C. Many of the hydrocarbon solvents have complex and variable compositions with constituents of 4 types, alkanes (normal paraffins, isoparaffins, and cycloparaffins) and aromatics (primarily alkylated one-and tworing species). Because of the compositional complexity, hydrocarbon solvents are now identified by a nomenclature ("the naming convention") that describes them in terms of physical/ chemical properties and compositional elements. Despite the compositional complexity, most hydrocarbon solvent constituents have similar toxicological properties, and the overall toxicological hazards can be characterized in generic terms. To facilitate hazard characterization, the solvents were divided into 9 groups (categories) of substances with similar physical and chemical properties. Hydrocarbon solvents can cause chemical pneumonitis if aspirated into the lung, and those that are volatile can cause acute CNS effects and/or ocular and respiratory irritation at exposure levels exceeding occupational recommendations. Otherwise, there are few toxicologically important effects. The exceptions, n-hexane and naphthalene, have unique toxicological properties, and those solvents containing constituents for which classification is required under the Globally Harmonized System (GHS) are differentiated by the substance names. Toxicological information from studies of representative substances was used to fulfill REACH registration requirements and to satisfy the needs of the OECD High Production Volume (HPV) initiative. As shown in the examples provided, the hazard characterization data can be used for hazard classification and for occupational exposure limit recommendations. Introduction Scope and purpose of the documentThe present document summarizes information on the physical/ chemical properties and toxicological hazards of hydrocarbon solvents and provides examples of the ways in which the information on hazard characterization can be used for hazard classification and to set occupational exposure limits. Many of the toxicological studies were published separately, but the results are summarized herein and referenced in the appendices.Hydrocarbon solvents are liquid hydrocarbon fractions that are primarily produced by the distillation of petroleum feed stocks or their synthetic analogs (e.g., Fischer-Tropsch derived materials), sometimes followed by additional processing steps such as solvent extraction, hydrodesulfurization, or hydrogenation. 1 Most hydrocarbon solvents are complex substances with variable compositions and are best described as UVCB 2 (unknown and variable composition) substances, but some are single constituent (mono-constituent) substances. The complex and variable nature of these solvents is the consequence of their manufacturing processes. In short, most hydroca...

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Section: Neurological Studiesmentioning

confidence: 82%

Section: Acute Toxicitymentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Light Aliphatic Solvents (C5-c9)mentioning

confidence: 99%

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Characterization of the toxicological hazards of hydrocarbon solvents

McKee

Adenuga

Carrillo

2015

Critical Reviews in Toxicology

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“…m The mean latency (seconds) to obtain reinforcement. 18 Deep anesthesia was produced by exposure to 128 000 ppm (377 600 mg/m 3 ). 18 Glowa 19 investigated the effects of n-alkane exposure on responding.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Neurobehavioral Effects of Acute Exposure to Normal (n-) Paraffins

et al. 2011

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This article reports the results of neurobehavioral tests on C(5)-C(10) normal paraffinic constituents (n-paraffins). Shortly after exposure, effects were evaluated in several domains including clinical effects, motor activity, functional observations, and visual discrimination performance. The representative C(5) n-paraffin, n-pentane, did not produce any evidence of acute central nervous system (CNS) effects at levels up to 20 000 mg/m(3). Similarly, there was no compelling evidence that n-octane (C(8)) produced CNS effects at 14 000 mg/m(3), the highest concentration tested. n-decane (C(10)) produced minor, reversible acute CNS effects at 5000 mg/m(3), with 1500 mg/m(3) as the no-effect level. Consistent with literature data, there seemed to be a relationship between increasing molecular weight up to C(10) and acute CNS effects. However, the CNS effects were reversible. Repeated exposures did not provide evidence of metabolic induction.

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“…A.). Ab 16 000 ml/m 3 kam es bei einem von vier Tieren zum Atemstillstand (Swann et al 1974). Da mehr Informationen dazu nicht vorliegen und eine Bestimmung des RD 50 -Werts bei 1000 ml/m 3 keine Atemdepression ergab (Stadler und Kennedy 1996) Der C8-Kohlenwasserstoff n-Octan kann als Vergleichsstoff für lokale Effekte herangezogen werden.…”

Section: Lokale Reizeffekteunclassified

Trimethylpentan (alle Isomere) [MAK Value Documentation in German language, 2017]

Hartwig

2017

The MAK‐Collection for Occupational Health and Safety

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The German Commission for the Investigation of Health Hazards of Chemical Compounds in the Work Area has re‐evaluated trimethylpentane (all isomers) [ 564‐02‐3 , 540‐84‐1 , 560‐21‐4 , 565‐75‐3 ] considering all toxicological endpoints. Available unpublished study reports and publications are described in detail. The re‐examination determined that it is difficult to draw final conclusions from a carcinogenicity study of a mixture of 542 hydrocarbons and from mechanistical studies with some of their single components. Thus, the assignment to Carcinogen Category 3 A has been withdrawn. The critical effect is the acute effect on the central nervous system in rats. The NOAEC after 60 min inhalation is 500 ml 2,2,4‐trimethylpentane/m 3 . Experimental data from structurally analogous n‐alkanes and iso‐alkanes lead to the assumption that the concentration of 2,2,4‐trimethylpentane in the brain after 8 hours will be about twice as high as after one hour. The short half‐life in the brain, estimated to be about one hour, does not predict an accumulation during the work week. The same assumptions are made for the other trimethylpentane isomers. Thus, taking into consideration uncertainties in the extrapolation of animal to human data, a MAK value of 100 ml/m 3 (470 mg/m 3 ) is set for all trimethylpentane isomers. As the critical effect is systemic, trimethylpentane isomers are assigned to Peak Limitation Category II. The excursion factor of 2 is set as the estimated half‐life in the brain is one hour. Prenatal developmental toxicity studies with trimethylpentane isomers are not available. For structurally analogous C8‐isoalkanes the NOAEC for developmental toxicity in rats is more than 1200 ml/m 3 . Acute neurotoxicity is critical, but the consequences of acute neurotoxic effects on in‐utero development of the nervous system are not known and studies on developmental neurotoxicity of C8‐alkanes are not available. Thus, trimethylpentane isomers are classified in Pregnancy Risk Group D. There are no clinical data and no data in animals concerning the sensitizing potential of trimethylpentane isomers. In analogy to n‐heptane, skin contact is not expected to contribute significantly to systemic toxicity.

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Acute Inhalation Toxicology of Volatile Hydrocarbons

Cited by 39 publications

References 0 publications

Characterization of the toxicological hazards of hydrocarbon solvents

Characterization of the toxicological hazards of hydrocarbon solvents

Neurobehavioral Effects of Acute Exposure to Normal (n-) Paraffins

Trimethylpentan (alle Isomere) [MAK Value Documentation in German language, 2017]

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