Acute Kidney Injury Induced by Snake and Arthropod Venoms

Berger, Markus; Vieira, Maria Aparecida Ribeiro; Guimarães, Jorge A.

doi:10.5772/37025

Cited by 4 publications

(4 citation statements)

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“…AKI is frequently described and is life threatening in several cases of snake and arthropod envenomation (Sitprija, 2006; Berger et al , 2012). Particularly in Lonomia obliqua envenomation, AKI is the main cause of death and its mechanisms are completely unknown until now.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Renal epithelial cells in culture and isolated perfused kidneys have been used to characterize the direct cytotoxic effects of different venoms including bee, snake and spider venoms. The most common isolated toxins, which are nephrotoxic, belong to the classes of metalloproteinases, serine-proteinases, C-type lectins, phospholipases A2, sphingomyelinases D and L-amino acid oxidases (Berger et al , 2012). In the case of L. obliqua some toxins belonging to these classes have already been isolated (Pinto et al , 2010); however, their effects on renal cells are unknown.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Consequentially, the morbidity and mortality associated with envenomation cases produce a great impact on the population and healthcare systems. One of the most important and lethal effects of these animal venoms is nephrotoxicity and a broad clinical spectrum of renal function impairment has been reported in human and experimental models of envenomation (Sitprija, 2006; Berger et al , 2012). As kidneys are highly vascularized organs and have the ability to concentrate substances into urine they are particularly susceptible to venom toxins.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Mechanisms of acute kidney injury induced by experimental Lonomia obliqua envenomation

et al. 2014

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Background Lonomia obliqua caterpillar envenomation causes acute kidney injury (AKI), which can be responsible for its deadly actions. This study evaluates the possible mechanisms involved in the pathogenesis of renal dysfunction. Methods To characterize L. obliqua venom effects we subcutaneously injected rats and examined renal functional, morphological and biochemical parameters at several time points. We also performed discovery based proteomic analysis to measure protein expression to identify molecular pathways of renal disease. Results L. obliqua envenomation causes acute tubular necrosis, which is associated with renal inflammation; formation of hematic casts, resulting from intravascular hemolysis; increase in vascular permeability and fibrosis. The dilation of Bowman’s space and glomerular tuft is related to fluid leakage and intra-glomerular fibrin deposition, respectively, since tissue factor procoagulant activity increases in the kidney. Systemic hypotension also contributes to these alterations and to the sudden loss of basic renal functions, including filtration and excretion capacities, urinary concentration and maintenance of fluid homeostasis. In addition, envenomed kidneys increases expression of proteins involved in cell stress, inflammation, tissue injury, heme-induced oxidative stress, coagulation and complement system activation. Finally, the localization of the venom in renal tissue agrees with morphological and functional alterations, suggesting also a direct nephrotoxic activity. Conclusions Mechanisms of L. obliqua-induced AKI are complex involving mainly glomerular and tubular functional impairment and vascular alterations. These results are important to understand the mechanisms of renal injury and may suggest more efficient ways to prevent or attenuate the pathology of Lonomia’s envenomation.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Mechanisms of acute kidney injury induced by experimental Lonomia obliqua envenomation

et al. 2014

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“…The related nephrotoxicity is characterized as one of the most critical and lethal effects from animal venoms [ 58 , 59 ]. Nephrotoxic actions have been reported for envenoming by scorpions of, for instance, species Hemiscorpius lepturus [ 60 ] and Androctonus australis [ 5 ].…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Acute kidney injury caused by venomous animals: inflammatory mechanisms

Oliveira

Cardoso

Barbosa

et al. 2021

J. Venom. Anim. Toxins incl. Trop. Dis

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Either bites or stings of venomous animals comprise relevant public health problems in tropical countries. Acute kidney injury (AKI) induced by animal toxins is related to worse prognostic and outcomes. Being one the most important pathways to induce AKI following envenoming due to animal toxins, inflammation is an essential biological response that eliminates pathogenic bacteria and repairs tissue after injury. However, direct nephrotoxicity (i.e. apoptotic and necrotic mechanisms of toxins), pigmenturia (i.e. rhabdomyolysis and hemolysis), anaphylactic reactions, and coagulopathies could contribute to the renal injury. All these mechanisms are closely integrated, but inflammation is a distinct process. Hence, it is important to improve our understanding on inflammation mechanisms of these syndromes to provide a promising outlook to reduce morbidity and mortality. This literature review highlights the main scientific evidence of acute kidney injury induced by bites or stings from venomous animals and their inflammatory mechanisms. It included observational, cross-sectional, case-control and cohort human studies available up to December 2019. Descriptors were used according to Medical Subject Headings (MeSH), namely: “Acute kidney injury” or “Venom” and “Inflammation” on Medline/Pubmed and Google Scholar; “Kidney disease” or “Acute kidney injury” on Lilacs and SciELO. The present review evidenced that, among the described forms of renal inflammation, it can occur either directly or indirectly on renal cells by means of intravascular, systemic and endothelial hemolysis, activation of inflammatory pathway, as well as direct action of venom cytotoxic components on kidney structures.

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Acute Lonomia obliqua caterpillar envenomation-induced physiopathological alterations in rats: Evidence of new toxic venom activities and the efficacy of serum therapy to counteract systemic tissue damage

Berger

Beys‐da‐Silva

Santi

et al. 2013

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The clinical manifestations of Lonomia obliqua caterpillar envenomation are systemic hemorrhage and acute kidney injury. In an effort to better understand the physiopathological mechanisms of envenomation, a rat model was established to study systemic tissue damage during L. obliqua envenomation. An array of acute venom effects was characterized, including biochemical, hematological, histopathological, myotoxic and genotoxic alterations. Rapid increases in serum alanine and aspartate transaminases, γ-glutamyl transferase, lactate dehydrogenase, hemoglobin, bilirubin, creatinine, urea and uric acid were observed, indicating that intravascular hemolysis and liver and kidney damage had occurred. Treatment with a specific antivenom (antilonomic serum) for up to 2 h post-venom injection neutralized the biochemical alterations. However, treatment after 6 h post-venom injection failed to normalize all biochemical parameters, despite its efficacy in reversing coagulation dysfunction. The hematological findings were consistent with hemolytic anemia and neutrophilic leukocytosis. The histopathological alterations were mainly related to hemorrhage and inflammation in the subcutaneous tissue, lung, heart and kidneys. Signs of congestion and hemosiderosis were evident in the spleen, and hemoglobin and/or myoglobin casts were also detected in the renal tubules. Increased levels of creatine kinase and creatine kinase-MB were correlated with the myocardial necrosis observed in vivo and confirmed the myotoxicity detected in vitro in isolated extensor digitorum longus muscles. Significant DNA damage was observed in the kidneys, heart, lung, liver and lymphocytes. The majority of the DNA lesions in the kidney were due to oxidative damage. The results presented here will aid in understanding the pathology underlying Lonomia's envenomation.

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Acute Kidney Injury Induced by Snake and Arthropod Venoms

Cited by 4 publications

References 117 publications

Mechanisms of acute kidney injury induced by experimental Lonomia obliqua envenomation

Mechanisms of acute kidney injury induced by experimental Lonomia obliqua envenomation

Acute kidney injury caused by venomous animals: inflammatory mechanisms

Acute Lonomia obliqua caterpillar envenomation-induced physiopathological alterations in rats: Evidence of new toxic venom activities and the efficacy of serum therapy to counteract systemic tissue damage

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