Acute Lead Toxicosis and Experimental Lead Pellet Ingestion in Mourning Doves

Schulz, John H.

doi:10.4080/ilsa.2009.0203

Cited by 3 publications

(2 citation statements)

References 6 publications

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“…Few human‐dimensions research studies have documented hunters’ attitudes toward nonlead ammunition (Schulz et al ), behavioral mechanisms affecting hunters’ voluntarily use of nonlead ammunition (Schroeder et al ), or existing voluntary programs (Bedrosian et al , Chase and Rabe ). As mentioned earlier, research has shown mourning doves succumb to lead poisoning (Schulz et al , , , ). Despite this information, approximately 50–53% of Illinois, USA, mourning dove hunters opposed a nontoxic‐shot regulation for dove hunting (Anderson and David , Levengood et al , Miller et al ).…”

Section: Need For a More Strategic Approachmentioning

confidence: 88%

Communication strategies for reducing lead poisoning in wildlife and human health risks

et al. 2019

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Although lead poisoning in North American waterfowl has been reduced, it persists among other wildlife. To address this issue, we review lead poisoning in wildlife and threats to human health, describe the recent socio-political landscape, and develop a framework for reducing lead exposure related to hunting ammunition and fishing tackle. Despite substantial information about lead poisoning in wildlife, an explicit and strategic plan for using existing information to develop an effective communication program is lacking. Local and regional efforts encouraging hunters and anglers to voluntarily use nonlead alternatives could benefit from a nationally coordinated and strategic focus. We propose that the diffusion of innovation theory provides a useful framework for developing and implementing voluntary nonlead hunting ammunition and fishing tackle programs. Further, it can help communicators refine messages, increase efficiencies in developing communication materials, and monitor adoption of nonlead alternatives. The initial step in this process, however, is to engage stakeholders about the importance of the issue and leverage that concern as a catalyst for positive change. Published 2019. This article is a U.S. Government work and is in the public domain in the USA.

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Section: Need For a More Strategic Approachmentioning

confidence: 88%

Communication strategies for reducing lead poisoning in wildlife and human health risks

et al. 2019

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“…Few human dimensions research studies have documented hunters' attitudes towards nonlead ammunition (Schulz, Reitz, et al, 2007), behavioral mechanisms affecting hunters' voluntarily use of nonlead ammunition (Schroeder et al, 2012), or evaluated existing voluntary programs (Chase & Rabe, 2015). As mentioned earlier, research has shown mourning doves succumb to lead poisoning (Schulz, Gao, et al, 2007;Schulz, Gao, Millspaugh, & Bermudez, 2009;Schulz et al, 2002). Despite this information, approximately 50-53% of Illinois mourning dove hunters opposed a nontoxic-shot regulation for dove hunting (Anderson & David, 1994;Levengood, Anderson, & David, 1999;Miller, McCleary, Stephenson, Harper, & Campbell, 2013).…”

Section: Hunters' Perceptions and Behaviors Of Lead Poisoningmentioning

confidence: 99%

Assessment of a voluntary nonlead ammunition outreach program on midwestern national wildlife refuges

Schulz¹

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Lead exposure from spent hunting ammunition affects wildlife populations, human health, and poses challenges to natural resource management. In addition to existing data on this topic spanning [greater than] 100-years, data from the Upper Midwestern, United States (U.S.) demonstrated bald eagles have greater risk of lead poisoning by ingesting lead bullet fragments in gut piles and unretrieved carcasses related to deer hunting. In response, U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service (USFWS), Region 3 established an outreach program during 2016â€"2018 encouraging deer hunters to use nonlead ammunition while deer hunting on 54 National Wildlife Refuges (NWRs). This project used a mixed methods approach incorporating 12 structured observations of presentations given at four managed hunts, 29 semi-structured interviews of program staff, and an online survey of 325 NWR staff. Objectives were to (1) examine lead exposure risks and suggest communication strategies, (2) explore attitudes and experiences of NWR staff implementing the program, (3) examine staff attitudes about threats to bald eagles, lead poisoning in bald eagles, human health risks, use of nonlead hunting ammunition, and socio-economic ammunition factors, (4) examine factors influencing program support by staff, and (5) assess structured observations of nonlead presentations. Correspondingly, this research resulted in four manuscripts and an additional research note aligned with the objectives above. Five key findings were demonstrated by this research. First, the risk of lead exposure from spent hunting ammunition is a multi-dimensional complex issue affecting wildlife and human health with voluntary programs primarily addressing the issue. Although little used in the past, social science theory has the potential to provide a useful framework for evaluating voluntary nonlead ammunition programs. Second, semi-structured interviews of USFWS staff resulted in 12 broad themes organized around three categories: (1) challenges within the agency, (2) effects of contextual factors on program implementation, and (3) the effect of different elements observed to be present/absent in successful voluntary conservation programs. Third, an online survey showed differences in attitudes among staff who hunters and nonhunters, lead or nonlead ammunition use by hunters, and likely or unlikely future nonlead use by hunters. Fourth, the survey also demonstrated program support was greatest among refuge staff who strongly agreed with problems related to bald eagles and lead exposure, individuals who strongly agreed with the importance of informational program materials, and individuals with higher levels of innovation characteristics. Fifth, a descriptive assessment of presentations at managed deer hunts showed less than four minutes on average were spent discussing the issue with minimal hunter interest observed. Findings from this study provide suggestions for improving future nonlead outreach with additional staff training, audience segmentation with targeted messaging for different audiences, broadening the scope of outreach to include human health lead risks, and relevance of nonhunters as stakeholders. Methodologically, this study was the first application mixed methods to explore attitudes and behaviors of natural resource professionals implementing a nonlead outreach program using structured observations, semi-structured interviews, and an online survey. Bridging across multiple disciplines, this study developed a broader theoretical perspective for dealing with a complex socio-political landscape with a mixture of competing values, ethics, and worldviews among stakeholders. This study also showed the value of recognizing nonhunters as an important target audience, especially human health lead risks.

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Hunters and Anglers at Risk of Lead Exposure in the United States

Watson¹

2009

Ingestion of Lead From Spent Ammunition: Implications for Wildlife and Humans

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to assess the numbers and proportions of state populations that may be at risk of lead exposure from lead-based ammunition and fishing gear. In 2006, 12.5 million people (6% of the population) aged 16 years and older in the United States hunted on 220 million days, of which 45% were urban residents and 55% were rural. An estimated 1.6 million children aged 6 to 15 years hunted. Although 28% of hunters reported using bow and arrows, 93% used a rifle or shotgun, and 20% used muzzle-loaders, indicating some hunters used more than one method. Big game hunting, such as deer and elk, was most popular (10.7 million hunters on 164 million days), followed by small game hunting, such as squirrels and rabbits (4.8 million hunters on 52 million days), migratory bird hunting, such as waterfowl and doves (2.3 million hunters on 20 million days), and other animals, such as raccoons and groundhogs (1.1 million hunters on 15 million days). Texas had the largest number of hunters (979,000), followed by Pennsylvania (933,000) and Michigan (721,000). Montana (19%) had the largest proportion of hunters among the state's population, followed by North Dakota (17%), and Wisconsin and South Dakota (each 15%). Lead was made illegal for hunting waterfowl in 1992, but it continues to be the favored metal for bullets and shot used for big game hunting, small game hunting, upland bird hunting (e.g., doves), and varmint (other animals) hunting. In addition to lead exposure from handling ammunition (e.g., hunters who load their own ammunition), lead exposure can occur through inhalation of vapor upon firing, and from ingestion of game meat contaminated with bullet fragments and shot. In 2006, 30 million people (13% of the population) aged 16 years and older in the United States fished on 517 million days. Freshwater anglers numbered 25.4 million and they fished on 433 million days. Saltwater anglers numbered 7.7 million and they fished on 86 million days. Texas had the largest number of anglers (2.3 million), followed by Florida (1.9 million) and California (1.6 million). Minnesota (28%) had the largest proportion of anglers among the state's population, followed by Alaska (27%), and Wyoming (24%). Lead exposure in anglers can occur in handling and making lead sinkers, and through accidental ingestion. Frequent loss of fishing gear annually contaminates aquatic ecosystems with lead, and causes wildlife mortality and potential sub-lethal effects. Non-lead substitutes for lead ammunition and fishing gear are available and recommended to benefit human and wildlife health.

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Acute Lead Toxicosis and Experimental Lead Pellet Ingestion in Mourning Doves

Cited by 3 publications

References 6 publications

Communication strategies for reducing lead poisoning in wildlife and human health risks

Communication strategies for reducing lead poisoning in wildlife and human health risks

Assessment of a voluntary nonlead ammunition outreach program on midwestern national wildlife refuges

Hunters and Anglers at Risk of Lead Exposure in the United States

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