In acute myeloid leukemia (AML), fusion genes often form as the result of specific chromosomal translocations.(1,2) Many of these fused genes, including MOZ, are transcription-related factors involved in the development or self-renewal of hematopoietic stem cells (HSC) and/or in hematopoietic cell differentiation. (3,4) Monocytic leukemia zinc finger protein (MOZ) is a Myst (MOZ, Ybf2 (Sas3), Sas2, Tip60)-type histone acetyltranseferase (HAT) that functions as a transcriptional coactivator for hematopoietic transcription factors such as AML1.(5,6) Recently, we and others used gene-targeted mice to reveal critical roles for MOZ in hematopoiesis, particularly in the self-renewal of HSC. (7,8) MOZ fusion genes can also transform HSC and myeloid progenitor cells into leukemia cells and confer unto them self-renewal activity. (9,10) Researching the functions of MOZ and MOZ fusion genes in normal and malignant hematopoiesis can aid in understanding the mechanisms of AML development and leukemic cell-renewal activity. Such discoveries may allow the development of improved AML therapies.
Involvement of the MOZ gene in chromosomal translocationsChromosomal translocations, which are frequently detected in patients with AML, include t(8;21), inv(16), t(15;17) and t(11; v) (v: variable) result in the gene fusions AML1-ETO, CBFβ-MYH11, PML-RARα and MLL-fusions, respectively. MOZ was first identified as a gene involved in the translocation t(8;16)(p11;p13) resulting in the MOZ-CBP fusion gene. The MOZ-p300, MOZ-TIF2 and MOZ-NcoA3 fusion genes were later identified in AML from t(8;22)(p11;q13), (12,13) inv(8)(p11;q13) (14,15) and t(8; 20)(p11;q13), (16) respectively (Fig. 1). MOZ is also involved in a patient of pediatric therapy-related myelodysplastic syndrome with a novel chromosomal translocation t(2;8)(p23;p11).(17) MOZ-related factor (MORF; Myst4, Querkopf), a HAT that is highly homologous to MOZ, (18,19) also generates fusion genes with CBP and probably also with Gcn5 in various disorders, including AML (20,21) therapy-related myelodysplastic syndrome (22) and uterine leiomyomata.All MOZ fusion partner genes are involved in histone modification and transcriptional regulation. CBP and p300 are major HAT (24) that function as coactivators for various transcription factors. TIF2 (NcoA2/GRIP1) and NcoA3 (TRAM-1/RAC3/ pCIP/AIB-1) are adaptor proteins that combine nuclear receptors with CBP.(25) AML that express MOZ fusion genes are typically monocytic leukemias classified as M4/M5 among FrenchAmerican-British (FAB) subtypes;(18) MOZ-related translocation is found in about 6.5% of such AML subtypes. (16) In all MOZ fusion genes, breakpoints of MOZ are located in or around its acidic domain (Fig. 1). As a result, the N-terminal region of MOZ is retained and the C-terminal region is replaced with the fusion partners, such as CBP or p300. The N-terminal region of MOZ contains a H15 (histone H1/H5) domain related to nuclear localization, (5) a PHD (plant homeobox-like domain) zinc finger involved in binding to methylated histone,...