Acute myocardial infarction in a young bodybuilder taking anabolic androgenic steroids: A case report and critical review of the literature

Christou, Georgios A; Nikas, Dimitrios; Goudevenos, John

doi:10.1177/2047487316651341

Cited by 42 publications

(57 citation statements)

References 70 publications

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“…Increases in these markers are associated with histological myocardial changes and represent sensitive indicators for MI or myocardial dysfunction [20]. Recently, several studies have called attention to AAS abuse and the risk of adverse cardiovascular events [7,10,12,17,21,22]. In this study, most of the participants presented high levels of CK-MB after the cutting phase, with the exception of WW, who presented borderline values.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 77%

“…Considering that during the pre-contest phase there is an abrupt reduction in nutrients and caloric intake [2][3][4]21], the rationale for the use of stimulant-based substances during this phase is thought to be to avoid the reduced performance and increased perception of effort observed during severe caloric restriction [21,25]. However, the cost-benefit of this practice might be addressed critically, since the use of AAS might increase catecholamine release and β-adrenergic receptor expression [12], which might potentiate the harmful effects of stimulants. Indeed, the association of AAS with stimulants has been shown to give rise to an additional risk of MI [11].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Some case studies call attention to the chronic use of anabolic androgen steroids (AAS) and the potential risk for atherosclerotic disease, myocardial dysfunction, acute myocardial infarction (MI), and liver injury [9][10][11][12]. Moreover, the addition of stimulant-based substances in association with AAS during the pre-contest season may lead to additional risk of MI [11].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

See 2 more Smart Citations

Biochemical Profile and Body Composition Alteration of Amateur Bodybuilders during the Pre-Contest Period

Souza

Santos

Jesus³

et al. 2018

JFMK

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Abstract:The paper aims to analyze body composition and biochemical profile alterations in amateur bodybuilders during the cutting phase of a contest preparation, and to discuss them in light of scientific evidence. For the purpose of this study, bodybuilders and coaches provided details of drug administration, supplement use and training schedule. The four participants were two men competing in different Men's Physique categories, one woman in the Wellness category, and one woman competing in the Bikini category. Participants were evaluated for anthropometry and body composition before and after the cutting phase. There was an evident decrease in body fat for most of the participants during the cutting phase without evident loss of fat-free mass. In general, participants performed high volume resistance training combined with aerobic training. Regarding drug administration, participants used high doses of anabolic androgen steroids (AAS), combined with clenbuterol, thyroid hormone, and ephedrine. Blood analysis revealed alterations in lipid profiles, with increased total cholesterol and low-density lipoprotein (LDL), and reduced high-density lipoprotein (HDL) levels. There were marked alterations in markers of liver (aspartate aminotransferase) and cardiac (MB isoenzyme creatine kinase) damage. Our analysis suggests that the strategies adopted by bodybuilders during the pre-contest phase (high use of AAS and stimulant-based substances) may result in an increased risk of heart disease and liver dysfunction.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 77%

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Biochemical Profile and Body Composition Alteration of Amateur Bodybuilders during the Pre-Contest Period

Souza

Santos

Jesus³

et al. 2018

JFMK

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

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“…There are a total of less than 30 case reports of AAS associated MI in healthy young adults as of today [6]. Most of the reported cases were related to high doses of steroid intake (usually greater than five times as the recommended dose) in drug abusers and thus had a higher incidence of developing complications.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…These side effects may be reversible upon discontinuation of AAS. Furthermore, previous case reports described the association of AAS use with acute MI, sudden cardiac death, cardiac conduction abnormalities, cardiomyopathy, and cardiovascular thrombosis [5,6]. However, the frequency of cardiovascular events among patients taking AAS is likely underreported due to the patient's preference in masking AAS abuse.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

A Rare Case Report and Literature Review of Anabolic-Androgenic Steroids (AAS)-Induced Acute Myocardial Infarction

Zhang¹,

Shan²,

Raza³

et al. 2020

Cureus

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Anabolic-androgenic steroids (AAS) abuse is common in competitive athletes in order to enhance athletic performances. However, AAS abuse is often associated with deleterious side effects including but not limited to cardiovascular diseases, depression, hormonal abnormalities, and cancer. We present a case of a 31-year-old male with a history of Crohn's disease on infliximab and chronic AAS use who had persistent retrosternal chest pain found to have an acute myocardial infarction (MI) without obvious cardiovascular risk factors.

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A novel analytical strategy based on gas chromatography‐Orbitrap high‐resolution mass spectrometry combined with solid‐phase extraction for the monitoring of stanozolol misuse in human urine

Zheng,

Ji,

et al. 2024

Rapid Comm Mass Spectrometry

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RationaleStanozolol, an anabolic androgenic steroid listed in Part S1 of the World Anti‐Doping Agency Prohibited List, exhibits a low response and significant matrix interference in urine samples when using liquid–liquid extraction–gas chromatography–mass spectrometry (GC–MS). Enhancing sample preparation techniques remains essential for the effective detection of stanozolol and its metabolites.MethodsA method for determining stanozolol and its metabolites (3′‐OH‐stanozolol, 4β‐OH‐stanozolol, and 16β‐OH‐stanozolol) in human urine was developed and validated using GC‐Orbitrap high‐resolution MS combined with optimized mixed‐mode solid‐phase extraction (SPE). This method was applied to urine samples from two volunteers who orally administered a single dose of stanozolol, with samples collected over a 30‐day period post‐administration.ResultsThe optimized mixed‐mode SPE method reduced matrix interference and achieved satisfactory extraction efficiency and high sensitivity, enabling confident identification of all targets in human urine. Validation showed extraction recovery of 74% to 81% and limits of detection from 0.1 to 0.25 ng mL−1. The method was successfully applied to detect urinary excretion profiles of stanozolol and its metabolites in positive volunteer samples.ConclusionThis study presents a novel detection protocol for stanozolol and its metabolites, enhancing the monitoring of stanozolol abuse and contributing to the integrity of sports competitions. This protocol offers a robust tool for anti‐doping laboratories, aiding in the accurate detection of stanozolol misuse and supporting the enforcement of fair play in athletics.

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Acute myocardial infarction in a young bodybuilder taking anabolic androgenic steroids: A case report and critical review of the literature

Cited by 42 publications

References 70 publications

Biochemical Profile and Body Composition Alteration of Amateur Bodybuilders during the Pre-Contest Period

Biochemical Profile and Body Composition Alteration of Amateur Bodybuilders during the Pre-Contest Period

A Rare Case Report and Literature Review of Anabolic-Androgenic Steroids (AAS)-Induced Acute Myocardial Infarction

A novel analytical strategy based on gas chromatography‐Orbitrap high‐resolution mass spectrometry combined with solid‐phase extraction for the monitoring of stanozolol misuse in human urine

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