Acute oral toxicity and liver oxidant/antioxidant stress of halogenated benzene, phenol, and diphenyl ether in mice: a comparative and mechanism exploration

Abstract

The lethal doses (LD50s) of fluorinated, chlorinated, brominated, and iodinated benzene, phenol, and diphenyl ether in mice were ascertained respectively under the consistent condition. The acute toxicity of four benzenes orders in fluorobenzene (FB) < iodobenzene < chlorobenzene≈bromobenzene, that of four phenols orders in 4-iodophenol≈4-bromophenol < 4-chlorophenol (4-MCP) < 4-fluorophenol (4-MFP), and that of four diphenyl ethers orders in 4,4'-iododiphenyl ether < 4,4'-difluorodiphenyl ether < 4,4'-dichlorodiphenyl ether≈4,4'-dibromodiphenyl ether. General behavior adverse effects were observed, and poisoned mouse were dissected to observe visceral lesions. FB, 4-MCP, and 4-MFP produced toxic faster than other halogenated benzenes and phenols, as they had lower octanol-water partition coefficients. Pathological changes in liver and liver/kidney weight changes were also observed. Hepatic superoxide dismutase, catalase activities, and malondialdehyde level were tested after a 28-day exposure, which reflects a toxicity order basically consistent with that reflected by the LD50s. By theoretical calculation and building models, the toxicity of benzene, phenol, and diphenyl ether were influenced by different structural properties.

Oxidative Stress Responses and Gene Transcription of Mice under Chronic-Exposure to 2,6-Dichlorobenzoquinone

“…Different concentrations of 2,6-DCBQ were prepared according to Shi et al study [ 25 ], they have explored the impacts of halogenated benzene at 100, 500, 2000 and 5000 mg/kg, considering halogenated benzoquinone exert higher toxicity potency, so different concentrations (0, 10, 20, 50 and 100 mg/kg) were chose in this study. After acclimation, 50 mice were weight and randomly divided into 5 groups: a control group and 4 treatment groups.…”

Discovery, Optimization, and Biological Evaluation of Novel Pyrazol-5-yl-phenoxybenzamide Derivatives as Potent Succinate Dehydrogenase Inhibitors

“…The diphenyl ether scaffold is a useful pharmacophore, and its derivatives have been found to possess a wide range of biological activities, , including antifungal, insecticidal, antibacterial, antiviral, anticancer, antiinflammatory, and antioxidant properties. Consequently, it has been incorporated as an active substructure in the creation of numerous commercial pesticides, particularly agricultural fungicides, insecticides, and herbicides (Figure ).…”

Enhanced Bioremediation of 4-Chlorophenol by Electrically Neutral Reactive Species Generated from Nonthermal Atmospheric-Pressure Plasma

“…Chloroaromatic compounds have numerous industrial applications, including petroleum refining and the production of pesticides, paints, plastics, resins, textiles, iron, solvents, pharmaceuticals, and wood-preserving chemicals. − The former are released into the environment as byproducts of the latter. Among them, 4-chlorophenol (4-CP) is highly toxic to living organisms owing to its teratogenic, carcinogenic, and mutagenic characteristics as well as its persistence in the aquatic environments. − Moreover, the environmental and bio-degradation of 4-CP is difficult owing to its low water solubility and vapor pressure characteristics . The US Environmental Protection Agency and the European Union have labeled 4-CP as a “priority pollutant”; that is, its presence in aquatic environments requires constant monitoring and that a concentration of 0.5 mg/L is the upper permissible limit of this compound in public water supply .…”